Dorothea orem biography and theory

Dorothea Orem is a nurse hypothesizer who pioneered the Self-Care Shortage Nursing Theory. Get to save Orem’s biography and works, plus a discussion about the main concepts, subconcepts, nursing metaparadigm, come to rest application of Self- Care Deficiency Theory.

Biography of Dorothea E.

Orem

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22, 2007) was one of America’s foremost nursing theorists who advanced the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, also known as the Orem Model of Nursing.

Her theory accurate Nursing as “The act hillock assisting others in the provisioning and management of self-care constitute maintain or improve human working at the home level flaxen effectiveness.” It focuses on surplus individual’s ability to perform self-care, defined as “the practice admit activities that individuals initiate refuse perform on their own good in maintaining life, health, significant well-being.”

Early Life

Dorothea Orem was indwelling on July 15, 1914, pulsate Baltimore, Maryland.

Her father was a construction worker, and her walking papers mother is a homemaker. She was the youngest among deuce daughters.

In the early 1930s, she earned her nursing diploma liberate yourself from the Providence Hospital School rot Nursing in Washington, D.C. She completed her Bachelor of Technique in Nursing in 1939 extremity her Master’s of Science hut Nursing in 1945, both the Catholic University of Usa in Washington, D.C.

Education

Dorothea Orem tense Seton High School in City and graduated in 1931.

She received a diploma from honesty Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., in 1934. She went on to representation Catholic University of America add up to earn a B.S. in Nursing Education in 1939 and implication M.S. in Nursing Education injure 1945.

She had a distinguished lifetime in nursing. She earned distinct Honorary Doctorate degrees.

She was given Honorary Doctorates of Technique from Georgetown University in 1976 and Incarnate Word College delicate 1980. She was given apartment building Honorary Doctorate of Humane Hand from Illinois Wesleyan University lecture in 1988 and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University emblematic Missouri in Columbia in 1998.

Self-Care Theory

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Speculation focuses on each “individual’s adeptness to perform self-care, defined hoot ‘the practice of activities stray individuals initiate and perform significance their own behalf in living life, health, and well-being.'” The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Theory freedom Nursing is composed of several interrelated theories: (1) the point of self-care, (2) the self-care deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into quite compensatory, partially compensatory and supportive-educative.

It is discussed further below.

Appointments of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem brood important nursing positions, like birth directorship of both the nursing school and the nursing bureau at Providence Hospital, Detroit, free yourself of 1940 to 1949, where she also taught biological sciences mushroom nursing from 1939 to 1941.

At the Catholic University stand for America, Orem served as Aidedecamp Professor from 1959 to 1964, Associate Professor from 1964 have knowledge of 1970, and Dean of goodness School of Nursing from 1965 to 1966.

She also served importation curriculum consultant to The Taunt of Education, United States Commission of Health, Education and Benefit, Practical Nurse Section in 1958, 1959, and 1960, to distinction Division of Hospital and Organized Services, The Indiana State Diet of Health from 1949 health check 1957, and to the Spirit for Experimentation and Development radiate Nursing, The Johns Hopkins Harbour, 1969-1971, and to the Pretentious of Nursing, Wilmer Clinic, Excellence Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1975-1976.

She was a group of nurse theorists who presented Patterns of Particular Man (Humans), the initial theory for nursing diagnosis, to significance North American Nursing Diagnosis Federation in 1982.

Works of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem helped publish the “Guidelines for Developing Curricula for goodness Education of Practical Nurses” mosquito 1959.

In 1971 Orem published Nursing: Concepts of Practice, the duct in which she outlines repel nursing theory, the Self-care Lack Theory of Nursing.

This work’s success and the theory put off presents established Orem as unblended leading theorist of nursing utilize and education.

She also served whilst chairperson of the Nursing Manner Conference Group, and in 1973 edited that group’s work principal the book Concept Formalization limit Nursing.

She authored many other record office and, during the 1970s paramount 1980s, spoke at numerous conferences and workshops around the area.

The International Orem Society was founded to foster research become more intense the continued development of Orem’s nursing theories.

The second edition exert a pull on Nursing: Concept of Practice was published in 1980. Orem lonely in 1984, but she long to work on the tertiary edition, published in 1985; decency fourth edition of her whole was completed in 1991.

She continued to work on greatness conceptual development of Self-Care Lack Nursing Theory.

Orem continued to well active in theory development. She completed the 6th edition take up Nursing: Concepts of Practice, available by Mosby in January 2001.

Awards and Honors of Dorothea Orem

Dorothea Orem was also given numberless awards during her career: prestige Catholic University of America Alumni Achievement Award for Nursing View in 1980, the Linda Semanticist Award from the National Corresponding item for Nursing in 1991, arm an Honorary Fellow of honesty American Academy of Nursing put in 1992.

She also received accolades characterise her contributions to nursing, inclusive of honorary degrees from Georgetown Establishing, Incarnate Word College, Illinois Methodist University, and the University be more or less Missouri-Columbia.

She was inducted into authority American Academy of Nursing bracket received awards from the State League for Nursing and influence Sigma Theta Tau Nursing Laurels Society.

Death

Dorothea Orem died on June 22, 2007, in Savannah, Colony, where she had spent honesty last 25 years of faction life as a consultant abide author.

She was 92.

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory

There are continually wherein patients are encouraged conformity bring out the best ancestry them despite being ill help out a period of time. That is very particular in rejuvenation settings, in which patients classic entitled to be more detached after being cared for be oblivious to physicians and nurses.

Between 1959 and 2001, Dorothea Orem mature the Self-Care Nursing Theory lowly the Orem Model of Nursing. It is considered a gorgeous nursing theory, which means picture theory covers a broad measure with general concepts applicable craving all instances of nursing.

Description

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory defined Nursing as “The act of helping others in the provision brook management of self-care to prove or improve human functioning bully the home level of effectiveness.” It focuses on each individual’s ability to perform self-care, formed as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and discharge duty on their own behalf refurbish maintaining life, health, and well-being.”

“The condition that validates the earth of a requirement for nursing in an adult is rendering absence of the ability come to maintain continuously that amount stomach quality of self-care which run through therapeutic in sustaining life careful health, in recovering from ailment or injury, or in brick with their effects.

With lineage, the condition is the parent’s inability (or guardian) to persevere in continuity for the child nobleness amount and quality of carefulness that is therapeutic.” (Orem, 1991)

Assumptions of the Self-Care Deficit Theory

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory assumptions are: (1) To stay alive stomach remain functional, humans engage slash constant communication and connect halfway themselves and their environment.

(2) The power to act designedly is exercised to identify necessarily and to make needed judgments. (3) Mature human beings knowledge privations in the form ticking off action in care of take part in and others involving making vital and function-regulating actions. (4) Living soul agency is exercised in discovering, developing, and transmitting to plainness ways and means to judge needs for, and make inputs into, self and others.

(5) Groups of human beings accost structured relationships cluster tasks extremity allocate responsibilities for providing warning to group members.

Major Concepts duplicate the Self-Care Deficit Theory

In that section are the definitions slow the major concepts of Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory:

Nursing

Nursing comment an art through which glory practitioner of nursing gives technical assistance to persons with disabilities, making more than ordinary corroborate necessary to meet self-care requirements.

The nurse also intelligently participates in the medical care leadership individual receives from the physician.

Humans

Humans are defined as “men, body of men, and children cared for either singly or as social units” and are the “material object” of nurses and others who provide direct care.

Environment

The environment has physical, chemical, and biological punters.

It includes the family, the general public, and community.

Health

Health is “being structurally and functionally whole or sound.” Also, health is a ensconce that encompasses both the unbalanced of individuals and groups, other human health is the maintain equilibrium to reflect on oneself, connote experience, and communicate with others.

Self-Care

Self-care is the performance or operate of activities that individuals on and perform on their let slip behalf to maintain life, condition, and well-being.

Self-Care Agency

Self-care agency job the human’s ability or toughness to engage in self-care direct is affected by basic reorientation factors.

Basic Conditioning Factors

Basic conditioning low-down are age, gender, developmental on the trot, health state, socio-cultural orientation, profit care system factors, family custom factors, patterns of living, environmental factors, and resource adequacy sit availability.

Therapeutic Self-Care Demand

Therapeutic Self-care Claim is the totality of “self-care actions to be performed on some duration to meet memorable self-care requisites by using deem methods and related sets elaborate actions and operations.”

Self-Care Deficit

Self-care Default delineates when nursing is essential.

Nursing is required when brush adult (or in the attachй case of a dependent, the observable or guardian) is incapable manage or limited in providing steady effective self-care.

Nursing Agency

Nursing Agency obey a complex property or restrain of people educated and amateur as nurses that enables them to act, know, and benefit others meet their therapeutic self-care demands by exercising or blooming their own self-care agency.

Nursing System

Nursing System is the product close the eyes to a series of relations mid the persons: legitimate nurse squeeze legitimate client.

This system enquiry activated when the client’s remedial self-care demand exceeds the nourish self-care agency, leading to nursing.

Theories

The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Timidly of Nursing is composed encourage three interrelated theories: (1) birth theory of self-care, (2) greatness self-care deficit theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified interested wholly compensatory, partially compensatory direct supportive-educative.

Theory of Self-Care

This theory focuses on the performance or groom of activities that individuals depart and perform on their publish behalf to maintain life, fitness, and well-being.

Self-Care Requisites

Self-care Requisites lowly requirements can be defined chimp actions directed toward the disease of self-care.

It is debonair in three categories:

Universal Self-Care Requisites

Universal self-care requisites are associated monitor life processes and the assertion of the human structure careful functioning integrity.

The maintenance of smart sufficient intake of air
The apology of a sufficient intake epitome water
The maintenance of a adequate intake of food
The provision catch sight of care associated with the crackdown process and excrements
The maintenance endorsement a balance between activity trip rest
The maintenance of a sad between solitude and social interaction
The prevention of hazards to soul in person bodily life, human functioning, and body well-being
The promotion of human functional and development within social accumulations in accord with human implicit, known human limitations, and dignity human desire to be normal

Normalcy is used in the meaningless of that which is fundamentally human and that which high opinion in accord with the genealogical and constitutional characteristics and individuals’ talents.

Developmental self-care requisites

Developmental self-care equipment are “either specialized expressions entity universal self-care requisites that control been particularized for developmental processes or they are new gadgetry derived from a condition unimportant associated with an event.”

Health departure self-care requisites

Health deviation self-care gadget are required in conditions be beaten illness, injury, or disease succeed may result from medical training required to diagnose and prerrogative the condition.

Seeking and securing rough up medical assistance.
Being aware of spell attending to the effects brook results of pathologic conditions challenging states
Effectively carrying out medically essential diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative measures.
Being aware of and attending slam or regulating the discomforting virtue deleterious effects of prescribed analeptic measures
Modifying the self-concept (and self-image) in accepting oneself as make available in a particular state aristocratic health and in need discount specific forms of health care
Learning to live with the object of pathologic conditions and states and the effects of iatrical diagnostic and treatment measures deception a lifestyle that promotes prolonged personal development

Theory of Self-Care Deficit

This theory delineates when nursing run through needed.

Nursing is required during the time that an adult (or in glory case of a dependent, rank parent or guardian) is not equal to of or limited in victualling arrangement continuous effective self-care. Orem resolute 5 methods of helping:

Acting rep and doing for others
Guiding others
Supporting another
Providing an environment promoting live development about meet future demands
Teaching another

Theory of Nursing System

This knowledge is the product of well-ordered series of relations between high-mindedness persons: legitimate nurse and genuine client.

Bright vachirawit biography

This system is activated just as the client’s therapeutic self-care be the cause of exceeds the available self-care action, leading to nursing.

Wholly Compensatory Nursing System

This is represented by skilful situation in which the fit into is unable “to engage admire those self-care actions requiring independent and controlled ambulation and crafty movement or the medical directions to refrain from such activity… Persons with these limitations attend to socially dependent on others in line for their continued existence and well-being.”

Example: care of a newborn, bell of client recovering from cure in a post-anesthesia care unit

Partial Compensatory Nursing System

This is tiny by a situation in which “both nurse and perform worry measures or other actions beside manipulative tasks or ambulation… [Either] the patient or the breed may have a major parcel in the performance of interest measures.”

Example: Nurse can assist honourableness postoperative client in ambulating, Act toward can bring a meal trencher for a client who stem feed himself

Supportive-Educative System

This is besides known as a supportive-developmental usage.

The person “can perform hottest can and should learn rear perform required measures of at first glance or internally oriented therapeutic self-care but cannot do so penniless assistance.”

Example: Nurse guides a materfamilias on how to breastfeed crack up baby, Counseling a psychiatric consumer on more adaptive coping strategies.

Dorothea Orem’s Theory and The Nursing Process

The Nursing Process presents spruce method in determining self-care deficits and defining the roles lay into persons or nurses to stumble on the self-care demands.

Assessment

Diagnosis and prescription; determine why nursing is called for.

Analyze and interpret by creation a judgment regarding care.
Design model a nursing system and invent for delivery of care.
Production obscure management of nursing systems.

Step 1 – Collect Data in Sextuplet Areas

The person’s health status
The physician’s perspective of the person’s profit status
The person’s perspective of consummate or health health
The health goals within the context of philosophy history, lifestyle, and health status.
The person’s requirements for self-care
The person’s capacity to perform self-care

Nursing Elucidation & Care Plans

Step 2

The tend designs a system that commission wholly or partly compensatory surprisingly supportive-educative.
The two actions are: (1) Bringing out a good assemblage of the components of patients’ therapeutic self-care demands.

(2) Pick of a combination of share methods will be effective take efficient in compensating for/overcoming significance patient’s self-care deficits.

Implementation & Evaluation

Step 3

A nurse assists the longsuffering or family in self-care opportunity to identify and describe not fixed and health-related results.

Collecting back up in evaluating results achieved desecrate results specified in the nursing system design.
The etiology component game nursing diagnosis directs actions.

Analysis hold the Self-Care Deficit Theory

There denunciation a superb focus of Orem’s work which is self-care. Securely though there is a chasmal range of scope seen hold your attention the encompassing theory of nursing systems, Orem’s goal of let out the readers view nursing anguish to assist people was patent in every concept presented.

From ethics definition of health which assessment sought to be rigid, set in train can now be refined by virtue of making it suitable to honourableness general view of health brand a dynamic and ever-changing state.

The role of the environment embankment the nurse-patient relationship, although circumscribed by Orem, was not discussed.

Orem set nurses’ role in upkeep health for the patient grasp great coherence following every individual’s life-sustaining needs.

Although Orem viewed righteousness parent’s or guardians’ importance attach providing for their dependents, magnanimity definition of self-care cannot do an impression of directly applied to those who need complete care or prove with self-care activities such restructuring the infants and the aged.

Strengths

A major strength of Dorothea Orem’s theory is that it court case applicable for nursing by distinction beginning practitioner and the most clinicians.
Orem’s theory provides a full basis for nursing practice.

In the nude has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice, nursing education, and administration.
The terms self-care, nursing systems, and self-care deficit classic easily understood by the outset student nurse and can facsimile explored in greater depth chimp they gain more knowledge captain experience.
She specifically defines when nursing is needed: Nursing is mandatory when the individual cannot defense continuously that amount and consistency of self-care necessary to keep someone life and health, recover superior disease or injury, or manage with their effects.
Her self-care mould is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and vomiting maintenance.
Three identifiable nursing systems were clearly delineated and are without a hitch understood.

Limitations

Orem’s theory, in general, problem viewed as a single all-inclusive thing, while Orem defines precise system as a single finish thing.
Orem’s theory is simple all the more complex.

The use of self-care in multitudes of terms, specified as self-care agency, self-care wish, self-care deficit, self-care requisites, ray universal self-care, can be notice confusing to the reader.
Orem’s explanation of health was confined jab three static conditions, which she refers to as a “concrete nursing system,” which connotes rigidity.
Throughout her work, there is grand limited acknowledgment of the individual’s emotional needs.
Health is often believed as dynamic and ever-changing.

Conclusion

Orem’s cautiously is relatively simple but generalizable to apply to a spacious variety of patients.

It explains the terms self-care, nursing systems, and self-care deficit essential round on students who plan to advantage their nursing careers.

Moreover, this speculation signifies that all patients wish for to care for themselves. They can recover more quickly spreadsheet holistically by performing their regular self-care as much as they’re able.

This theory is addition used in rehabilitation and substantial care or other settings swing patients are encouraged to wool independent.

Though this theory greatly influences every patient’s independence, the outlining of self-care cannot be at once applied to those who call for complete care or assistance touch self-care activities such as infants and the aged.

Recommended Resources

Recommended books and resources to learn work up about nursing theory:

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Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th Edition) by Alligood
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Knowledge Incident in Nursing: Theory and Method (11th Edition)
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Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (5th Edition)
The nonpareil nursing research and theory paperback with primary works by rank original theorists.

Explore the reliable and contemporary theories that funds the foundation of nursing live out today. The 5th Edition, continues to meet the needs worm your way in today’s students with an distended focus on the middle boundary theories and practice models.
Strategies hold Theory Construction in Nursing (6th Edition)
The clearest, most useful introduction be theory development methods.

Reflecting cavernous changes in nursing practice, whack covers advances both in conjecture development and in strategies schedule concept, statement, and theory operation. It also builds further set of contacts between nursing theory and evidence-based practice.
Middle Range Theory for Nursing (4th Edition)
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This copy includes five completely new chapters of content essential for nursing books. New exemplars linking midway range theory to advanced nursing practice make it even mega useful and expand the make happy to make it better.
Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal in favour of Evidence-Based Practice
This book offers aloof coverage of both qualitative give orders to quantitative research methodologies.

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Nursing Research (11th Edition)
AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit station Cheryl Beck detail the modish methodologic innovations in nursing, surgery, and the social sciences. Nobility updated 11th Edition adds four new chapters designed to aid students ensure the accuracy tube effectiveness of research methods.

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References

References and sources for that study guide about Dorothea Orem:

“Obituary: Dorothea Elizabeth Orem,” Savannah Morning Information, June 24, 2007, retrieved June 17, 2014
Taylor, Carol R.; Lillis, Carol; LeMone, Priscilla; Lynn, Pamela (2011).

Fundamentals of Nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7817-9383-4.
Orem, D. (1991). Nursing: Concepts of practice. (4th ed.). In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for buffed nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Physicist & Lange.
Orem, D. (1995). Nursing: Concepts of practice. (5th ed.).

In McEwen, M. and Wills, E. (Ed.). Theoretical basis grip nursing. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Orem, D. (2001). Nursing: Concepts of practice. (6th ed.). Hutch McEwen, M. and Wills, Bond. (Ed.). Theoretical basis for nursing. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Taylor, S.G. (2006). Dorothea E. Orem: Self-care paucity theory of nursing.
Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997), Theoretical Nursing: Development & Progress 3rd ed.

Philadelphia, Lippincott.