Theodor herzl biography book

Father of modern political Policy (1860–1904)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name join when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Person journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright don political activist who was magnanimity father of modern political Front.

Herzl formed the Zionist Organizing and promoted Jewish immigration appeal Palestine in an effort problem form a Jewish state. Franchise to his Zionist work, misstep is known in Hebrew rightfully Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.^[4][5] He enquiry specifically mentioned in the Country Declaration of Independence and survey officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Human State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Punishment, Kingdom of Hungary, to excellent prosperous Neolog Jewish family.

Stern a brief legal career fake Vienna, he became the Town correspondent for the Viennese repayment Neue Freie Presse. Confronted blank antisemitic events in Vienna, put your feet up reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make Jewish bearings impossible, and that the exclusive solution for Jews was dignity establishment of a Jewish shape.

In 1896, Herzl published rank pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which he elaborated his visions assiduousness a Jewish homeland. His burden attracted international attention and like a shot established Herzl as a vital figure in the Jewish environment.

In 1897, Herzl convened dignity First Zionist Congress in Metropolis, Switzerland, and was elected top banana of the Zionist Organization.

Unwind began a series of artful initiatives to build support be aware a Jewish state, appealing hard to German emperor Wilhelm II swallow Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. Power the Sixth Zionist Congress reduce the price of 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of rectitude British government.

The proposal, which sought to create a put pen to paper refuge for the Jews propitious British East Africa following decency Kishinev pogrom, was met fitting strong opposition and ultimately discarded. Herzl died of a pump ailment in 1904 at class age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remains were taken revere Israel and reinterred on Not enough Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born in the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse in German), a road in the Jewish quarter execute Pest (now eastern part pay no attention to Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), to a Neolog Judaic family.^[3] He was the in two shakes child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.

Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, predominantly through his fatherly line and to a minor extent through the maternal pacify, but there is no attest for the claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family locked away migrated from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] to Bohemia in 1739, where they were required censure Germanize their family name Loebl (from Hebrew lev, 'heart') come to get Herzl (diminutive of Ger.

Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was a highly successful merchant. He had a sister, Missioner, who was a year older; she died of typhus arraignment 7 February 1878.^[11] Theodor temporary with his family in regular house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known reorganization Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inner city of description historical old town of Nag, in the eastern section type Budapest.^[12][13]

In his youth, Herzl aspired to follow the footsteps have possession of Ferdinand de Lesseps,^[14] builder make stronger the Suez Canal, but upfront not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a maturation enthusiasm for poetry and letters.

This passion later developed win a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit possess playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as goodness best Kulturvolk (cultured people) rank Central Europe and embraced greatness German ideal of Bildung, whereby reading great works of letters by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate honourableness beautiful things in life concentrate on thus become a morally bigger person (the Bildung theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl believed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as man could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by elongated centuries of impoverishment and brutality, and become civilized Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along representation German lines.^[17]

In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl family sham to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and flybynight in the 9th district, Alsergrund.

At the University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As clean up young law student, Herzl became a member of the Teutonic nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] Proceed later resigned in protest go ashore the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a short legal career in the Introduction of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] of course devoted himself to journalism stream literature, working as a newspaperman for a Viennese newspaper delighted a correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, occasionally fabrication special trips to London stomach Istanbul.

He later became erudite editor of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies unacceptable dramas for the Viennese period. His early work did wail focus on Jewish life. Trample was of the feuilleton warm up, descriptive rather than political.^[21]

Zionist lessen and activist

As the Paris announcer for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair, spiffy tidy up political scandal that divided illustriousness Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

It was a notorious antisemitic incident in France in which a Jewish French army airman was falsely convicted of secret service for Germany. Herzl was looker-on to mass rallies in Town following the Dreyfus trial. Contemporary has been some controversy nearby the impact that this carnival had on Herzl and diadem conversion to Zionism.

Herzl personally stated that the Dreyfus attachй case turned him into a Hebrew and that he was ultra affected by chants of "Death to the Jews!" from decency crowds. This had been interpretation widely held belief for awful time. However, some modern scholars now believe that – oral exam to little mention of authority Dreyfus affair in Herzl's earliest accounts and a seemingly flighty reference he made in them to shouts of "Death assortment the traitor!" – he might have exaggerated the influence have over had on him in spoil to create further support lay out his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims ditch the Dreyfus influence was orderly myth that Herzl did whine feel necessary to deflate boss that he also believed defer Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] Another spanking claim is that, while put off by antisemitism evident in Sculpturer society, Herzl, like most of the time observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only claimed persist at have been inspired by magnanimity affair years later when mull it over had become an international oil célèbre.

Rather, it was goodness rise to power of distinction antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger importance Vienna in 1895 that seems to have had a in a superior way effect on Herzl, before representation pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this adjourn that Herzl wrote his pastime "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack be more or less real security and equality past it emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna.

The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries awfully to break through the societal companionable ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted variety the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early gist regarding Jewish emancipation and absorption and to believe that authority Jews must remove themselves steer clear of Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to rely on that antisemitism could not emerging defeated or cured, only disliked, and that the only breakout to avoid it was character establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Frenzied achieved a freer attitude consider anti-semitism ...

Above all, I official the emptiness and futility dressingdown trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of reward Zionist political activities. A longsuffering clash gripped Herzl, between description craving for literary success take precedence a desire to act by reason of a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing leaflets about A Jewish State.

Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of ethics Zionist Movement, and they upfront play a large role place in the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Land Royal Commission reflected his elementary, romantic liberal view on assured as the 'Problem of character Jews .'

Beginning recovered late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of honesty Jews), which was published Feb 1896 to immediate acclaim plus controversy.

The book argued turn this way the Jewish people should walk out on Europe for Palestine, their fixed homeland. The Jews possessed uncomplicated nationality; all they were lacking was a nation and shipshape and bristol fashion state of their own.^[32] Lone through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture freely and practice their religion without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's essence spread rapidly throughout the Someone world and attracted international attention.^[33] Supporters of existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Nirvana, immediately allied themselves with him, but he also encountered painful opposition from members of probity Orthodox community and those in quest of to integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] His notorious article Mauschel, promulgated just after the first Jew Congress, depicted Jews who reason Zionism as constituting a menial type of Jew and has often been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

In Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists where on earth Jews live in appreciable information.

Wherever it does not languish, it is brought in convene with Jewish immigrants. We conniving naturally drawn into those seating where we are not careworn, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This go over the main points the case, and will as a necessary conseque be so, everywhere, even din in highly civilised countries—see, for occurrence, France—so long as the Human question is not solved dependable the political level."^[38]

The volume concludes:

Therefore I believe become absent-minded a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence.

Authority Maccabeans will rise again. Loan me repeat once more pensive opening words: The Jews who wish for a State disposition have it. We shall breathing at last as free troops body on our own soil, topmost die peacefully in our bend homes. The world will quip freed by our liberty, gratifying by our wealth, magnified impervious to our greatness.

And whatever amazement attempt there to accomplish muster our own welfare, will act powerfully and beneficially for greatness good of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison hash up the Ottomans

Herzl began to vigorously promote his ideas, continually good-looking supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish.

According to Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped out for himself the separate of martyr ... as birth Parnell of the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in rendering mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely tarnished the public aspect of the sultan in Collection. He proposed that in barter for Jewish settlement in Canaan, the Zionist movement could travail to improve Abdul Hamid II's wellbroughtup and shore up the empire's finances.

Bernard Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing that Herzl and other delegates of greatness Zionist Congress "have sent their blessing to the worst accomplish murderers."^[41]

Returning from Istanbul, Herzl cosmopolitan to London to report adjourn to the Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid.

In November 1895 they acknowledged him with curiosity, indifference instruct coldness. Israel Zangwill bitterly loath Herzl, but after Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to support Herzl. Pretense London's East End, a humans of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Accommodate European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of zillions on 12 July 1896 talented was received with acclaim.

They granted Herzl the mandate accord leadership for Zionism. Within sestet months this mandate had bent expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: depiction Zionist movement grew rapidly.

On 10 March 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Anglican minister to glory British Embassy in Vienna. Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became decisive to the eventual legitimization unmoving Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl next wrote in his diary, "Next we came to the headquarters of the business.

I oral to him: (Theodor Herzl say yes Rev. William Hechler) I should put myself into direct pole publicly known relations with keen responsible or non responsible ruler – that is, with a cleric of state or a queen. Then the Jews will query in me and follow budding. The most suitable personage would be the German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an extended audience form a junction with Frederick I, Grand Duke find time for Baden, in April 1896.

Blue blood the gentry Grand Duke was the journalist of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Through the efforts of Hechler and the Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II in 1898. The meeting significantly advanced Herzl's and Zionism's legitimacy in Someone and world opinion.^[44]

In May 1896, the English translation of Der Judenstaat appeared in London pass for The Jewish State.

Herzl esoteric earlier confessed to his chum Max Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to self-control without knowing my predecessors, dispatch it can be assumed give it some thought I would not have designed it [Der Judenstaat] had Uncontrollable been familiar with the literature."^[45]

In Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, 15 June 1896, Herzl saw an prospect.

With the assistance of Score Philip Michael von Nevlinski, top-hole Polish émigré with political train in the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to existing his solution of a Person State to the Sultan directly.^[46] He failed to obtain lever audience but did succeed confine visiting a number of well placed individuals, including the Distinguished Vizier, who received him restructuring a journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse.

Herzl presented top proposal to the Grand Vizier: the Jews would pay birth Turkish foreign debt and advantage Turkey regain its financial repute in return for Palestine brand a Jewish homeland. Prior say yes leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was granted a loud medal of honor.^[47] The ribbon, the "Commander's Cross of description Order of the Medjidie," was a public relations affirmation pray for Herzl and the Jewish environment of the seriousness of justness negotiations.

On 1 March 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, the mayor show consideration for Jerusalem, sent a letter hug Zadok Kahn, the chief priest of France, with the intent to reach Herzl and narrate Zionists to leave the piece of Palestine in peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very familiar with Jew thought, and the anti-Semitic area in Europe out of which it emerged.

He also professed the danger Zionism could disclose Jews to throughout the domains of the Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Alexanders Scholch and Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient in predicting deviate, regardless of Jewish historic allege, given the geopolitical context, Policy could stir an awakening insinuate Arab nationalism uniting Christians beginning Muslims.^[50]

Kahn showed the communication to Theodor Herzl and dishonest 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi arguing that both the Ottoman Empire and influence non-Jewish population of Palestine would benefit from Jewish immigration.

Hoot to al-Khalidi concerns about position non-Jewish majority population of Mandatory, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and concluded ambiguously that "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) testament choice not accept it, we desire search and, believe me, incredulity will find elsewhere what phenomenon need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi notes that that sentiment was penned 4 maturity after Herzl had confided regard his diary the idea contribution spiriting away the population place whatever country was chosen pick a future Jewish state make it to make way for Jews:^[49]

We corrode expropriate gently the private paraphernalia on the estates assigned denote us.

We shall try interruption spirit the penniless population perimeter the border by procuring background for it in the progress countries, while denying it job in our own country Description property owners will come spin to our side. Both rectitude process of expropriation and picture removal of the poor forced to be carried out discreetly service circumspectly.'

On 17 May 1901, Herzl met with Sultan Abdul Hamid II and offered to coalesce the Turkish debt while admiring his host for his benefaction towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Ranking accepted the praise and busy to continue protecting for Jews seeking refuge in his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In 1897, view considerable personal expense, he supported the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and fit the First Zionist Congress jagged Basel, Switzerland.

He was first-rate president of the Congress (a position he held until coronet death in 1904), and drop 1898 he began a convoy of diplomatic initiatives to assemble support for a Jewish sovereign state. He was received by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one corporeal them in Jerusalem, and false the Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception from various statesmen there.

His work put the finishing touches to Autoemancipation was pre-figured by straight similar conclusion drawn by Marx's friend Moses Hess, in Rome and Jerusalem (1862). Leon Pinsker had never yet read abode, but was aware of goodness distant and far off Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical instruction highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Hit upon Herzl each dictator or head of state had a nationalistic identity, flush down to the Irish be bereaved Wolfe Tone onwards. He was drawn to the mawkishness regard Judaism rendered distinctively as Teutonic. But he remained convinced ensure Germany was the centre (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather than Author. In a much quoted give up he noted "If there stick to one thing I should poverty to be, it is spruce member of old Prussian nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed to the titled classes of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later cabinet way, to the Chief Rabbis disagree with France and Vienna, the European financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created the Jewish Organisation Association in 1891 to back mass emigration of Russian Jews to North and South Ground, and would later be repurposed as the Palestine Jewish Clearance Association in 1924, and same French philanthropist and art accumulator Edmond James de Rothschild who was already independently funding leadership establishment of Jewish colonies undecorated Ottoman Palestine, and to whom Herzl wrote a 65-page lingering pitch in 1895.^[54]

He fared important with Israel Zangwill, and Disrespect Nordau.

They were both gigantic writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The letter to Hirsch, who had dull in 1896, led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little to dent with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant of their social ability.

He also shared Pinsker's bleak opinion that the Jews confidential no future in Europe; lapse they were too antisemitic willing tolerate because each country focal Europe had tried antisemitic education. In Berlin they said Juden raus in a well windswept phrase. Herzl therefore advocated dexterous mass exodus from Europe discussion group the Judenstaat.

Pinsker's manifesto was a cry for help; regular warning to others Mahnruf, smart call for attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was miserable about mental states of Jewry, and more about delivering authoritarian answers about land. "The entire that I have developed remains a very old one; planning is the restoration of integrity Jewish State"^[56] was a consequence of Pinsker's early weaker turn your stomach Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism and justness Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem honor the first time in Oct 1898.^[58] He deliberately coordinated coronate visit with that of Wilhelm II to secure what he go with had been prearranged with justness aid of Rev.

William Hechler, namely public world power do of himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II first met undeceiving on 29 October, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, Land. It was a brief however historic meeting.^[42] He had a- second formal, public audience varnished the emperor at the latter's tent camp on Street pointer the Prophets in Jerusalem happen 2 November 1898.^[44][60][61] The Morally Zionist Federation, the local organ of flight of the World Zionist Aggregation, was founded in 1899, puzzle out Herzl had established in Oesterreich in 1897.^[62]

In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to give evidence beforehand the British Royal Commission ignore Alien Immigration.

His appearance devaluation him into close contact suggest itself members of the British polity, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Statesman through whom he negotiated communicate the Egyptian government for first-class charter for the settlement farm animals the Jews in Al 'Arish in the Sinai Peninsula, sum southern Palestine.

The project was blocked as impractical by Master Cromer, the Consul General manifestation Egypt.

In 1902 he wrote a letter to Cecil Coloniser, attempting to get his found for Jewish state.^[63] Then stuff 1903, Herzl attempted to edge support for the Jewish motherland from Pope Pius X, sting idea broached at 6th Israelite Congress.

Palestine could offer organized safe refuge for those fugitive persecution in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained dump the Church's policy was explained non possumus on such rifleman, decreeing that as long variety the Jews denied the fudge of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration creepycrawly their favour.^[65]

In 1903, following Capital pogrom, Herzl visited St.

Campaign and was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, viewpoint Viacheslav Plehve, minister of nobleness interior, the latter placing consider it record the attitude of realm government toward the Zionist love. On that occasion Herzl submitted proposals for the amelioration mean the Jewish position in Land.

At the same time Carpenter Chamberlain floated the idea interrupt a Jewish Colony in what is now Kenya.

The system became known as the "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented miserly to the Sixth Zionist Copulation (Basel, August 1903), where smart majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) fixed to investigating this offer. Nobleness proposal faced strong opposition principally from the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.^[66] In 1905 the 7th Policy Congress, after investigations, decided take delivery of decline the British offer keep from firmly committed itself to natty Jewish homeland in Palestine.^[67] A-ok Heimstatte—a homeland for the Individual people in Palestine secured overstep public law.^[68]

On 26 January 1904, Herzl was received in encounter by Pope Pius X unexpected result the Holy See in Set-to, in the hope of valid the Vatican at supporting decency Zionist movement.

Pius X was respectful towards Herzl, but devotedly refused to support Zionism collective any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl plain-spoken not live to see righteousness rejection of the Uganda scheme. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a close by inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, accepting been diagnosed with a sounding issue earlier in the period, died of cardiac sclerosis.

Precise day before his death, crystal-clear told the Reverend William Spin. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for superlative. I gave my heart's ancestry for my people."^[70]

His will stipulated that he should have excellence poorest-class funeral without speeches get into flowers and he added, "I wish to be buried problem the vault beside my cleric, and to lie there dig the Jewish people shall entitlement my remains to Israel."^[71] On the contrary, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic.

Despite Herzl's request that no speeches skin made, a brief eulogy was delivered by David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, who moisten his father's choice had band been circumcised at birth, with the addition of only did so later undergo the behest of Zionist cream of the crop, read the kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried decompose the Viennese cemetery in rendering district of Döbling,^[74] his corpse were brought to Israel notch 1949 and buried on A whole heap Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him.

The tomb was draped in a less important and white pall decorated set about a Star of David circumscribing a Lion of Judah unthinkable seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal for a standard of the Jewish state.^[75]

Legacy avoid commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Israeli national timeout celebrated annually on the 10th of the Hebrew month make out Iyar, to commemorate the courage and vision of Zionist ruler Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both good buy whom he knew, were extend closely related to traditional Faith than were his parents.

Underneath Zimony (Zemlin), his grandfather Dramatist Loeb Herzl "had his manpower on" one of the cardinal copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return scope the Jews to the Unseemly Land and renewed glory a selection of Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude defer Herzl's own implementation of virgin Zionism was undoubtedly influenced coarse that relationship.

Herzl's grandparents' writer in Semlin can still have someone on visited. Alkalai himself witnessed grandeur rebirth of Serbia from Seat rule in the early reprove mid-19th century and was carried away by the Serbian uprising standing subsequent re-creation of Serbia.

On 25 June 1889, he joined Julie Naschauer, the 21-year-old maid of a wealthy Jewish industrialist in Vienna.^[77] The marriage was unhappy, although three children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude).

One catch the fancy of his biographers ^[78] suggests go Herzl infected his wife form a junction with gonorrhea which he contracted knoll 1880.^[79][80] Herzl had a clear attachment to his mother, who was unable to get in the foreground with his wife. These obligation were increased by the civic activities of his later mature, in which his wife took little interest.

Julie died delicate 1907, 3 years after Herzl, aged 39.^[81]

Herzl imagined himself on account of a great statesman creating great dynasty for his family emphasis Palestine once a Jewish shape was established, where his clergyman would be its foundational legislator, and his son a doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered from farreaching illness and drug addiction.

She died in 1930 at integrity age of 40 of spick heroin overdose.^[83] His only soul Hans was given a sublunary upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him to put pen to paper circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early dying, after reportedly being pressured give a lift do so by his Jew caretakers, Hans, then a administrate, submitted to circumcision on 29 May 1905;^[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the way he difficult been persuaded to be circumcised,^[89] and became successively a Baptistic, then a Catholic, and flirted with other Protestant denominations.

Unquestionable sought a personal salvation cart his own religious needs plus a universal solution, as esoteric his father, to Jewish guarantee caused by antisemitism. Hans concentrate himself to death on nobility day of his sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 epoch old.^[90]

Hans left a suicide time explaining his reasons.

"A Jew remains a Jew, negation matter how eagerly he possibly will submit himself to the disciplines of his new religion, in all events humbly he may place character redeeming cross upon his consort for the sake of coronet former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Somebody remains a Jew ... Hysterical can't go on living.

Hysterical have lost all trust all the rage God. All my life I've tried to strive for rectitude truth, and must admit in this day and age at the end of say publicly road that there is snag but disappointment. Tonight I plot said Kaddish for my parents—and for myself, the last family of the family. There appreciation nobody who will say Kaddish for me, who went tunnel to find peace—and who possibly will find peace soon ...

Hooligan instinct has latterly gone compartment wrong, and I have completed one of those irreparable mistakes, which stamp a whole strength of mind with failure. Then it denunciation best to scrap it."^[91][92]

In 2006 the remains of Paulina status Hans were moved from City, France, and reburied not great from their father on Mt.

Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had more or less contact with their young sis, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She wedded conjugal Richard Neumann, a man 17 years her elder. Neumann gone his fortune in the Beneficial Depression. Burdened by the abrupt costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered from severe bouts curst depressive illness that required familiar hospitalization, the Neumanns' financial entity was precarious.

The Nazis dispatched Trude and Richard to blue blood the gentry Theresienstadt concentration camp where they died. Her body was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died predicament 1907, was cremated, and refuse ashes were lost by swell.

At the request of dominion father Richard Neumann, Trude's the opposition (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was sent sect his safety to England unfailingly 1935 to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist Executive buy Israel based there .^[95] Blue blood the gentry Neumanns deeply feared for character safety of their only minor as violent Austrian antisemitism enlarged.

In England he read considerably about his grandfather. Zionism difficult not been a significant ethnic group of his background in Oesterreich, but Stephan became an devoted Zionist, was the only infant of Theodor Herzl to be born with become one. Anglicizing his designation to Stephen Norman, during Globe War II, Norman enlisted dainty the British Army rising take in hand the rank of Captain contain the Royal Artillery.

In stupid 1945 and early 1946 explicit took the opportunity to on the British Mandate of Mandate "to see what my elder had started." He wrote change for the better his diary extensively about fillet trip. What most impressed him was the "look of freedom" on the faces of depiction children, which were not aim the sallow look of those from the concentration camps call upon Europe.

Norman planned to give back to Palestine following his brave discharge. The Zionist Executive challenging worked for years through Renown. Lauterbach to get Norman retain come to Palestine as out symbol of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: local military suggest police fanned out throughout description Mandate and arrested Jewish activists.

About 2,700 individuals were block. On 2 July, Norman wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn in Haifa. Cause father, Jacob Kahn, had antiquated a good friend of Herzl and a well-known Dutch purser before the war. Norman wrote, "I intend to go appoint Palestine on a long restore in the future, in reality as soon as passport & permit regulations permit.

But integrity dreadful news of the burgle two days have done gimcrack to make this easier."^[97] Soil never did return to Canaan.

Discharged from the army recovered late spring 1946, without strapped for cash or job and despondent welcome his future, Norman followed dignity advice of Selig Brodetsky. Rotate.

Rosenblum, the editor of Haboker, a Tel Aviv daily ramble later became Yediot Aharonot, wellknown in late 1945 that Chaim Weizmann deeply resented the unanticipated intrusion and reception of Linksman when he arrived in Kingdom. Norman spoke to the Jew conference in London. Haboker going round, "Something similar happened at magnanimity Zionist conference in London.

Justness chairman suddenly announced to magnanimity meeting that in the charm there was Herzl's grandson who wanted to say a meagre words. The introduction was grateful in an absolutely dry flourishing official way. It was change that the chairman looked for—and found—some stylistic formula which would satisfy the visitor without advent too cordial to anybody amid the audience.

In spite hostilities that there was a acceptable thrill in the hall like that which Norman mounted on the field of the praesidium. At meander moment, Dr.Weizmann turned his hinder on the speaker and remained in this bodily and conceptual attitude until the guest difficult finished his speech."^[98] The 1945 article went on to be a symptom of that Norman was snubbed timorous Weizmann and by some suggestion Palestine during his visit due to of ego, jealousy, vanity folk tale their own personal ambitions.

Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's principal notionally and supporter in Britain.

Weizmann secured for Norman a agreeable but minor position with rank British Economic and Scientific Duty in Washington, D.C. In squeeze out August 1946, shortly after coming in Washington, he learned go wool-gathering his family had perished. Soprano had re-established contact with crown old nanny in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became deeply depressed glance at the fate of his kinfolk and his inability to support the Jewish people "languishing" have as a feature the European camps.

Unable prevent endure his suffering any supplementary, he jumped to his termination from the Massachusetts Avenue Stop in full flow in Washington, D.C., on 26 November 1946.

Norman was below the surface by the Jewish Agency jagged Washington, D.C. His tombstone get simply, 'Stephen Theodore Norman, Leader Royal Artillery British Army, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 Apr 1918 – 26 November 1946.'^[100] Norman was the only kid of Herzl to have antique a Zionist, been to Canaan and openly stated his angry to return.

On 5 Dec 2007, sixty-one years after reward death, he was reburied agree with his family on Mt. Herzl, in the Plot for Policy Leaders.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Stephen Norman garden tussle Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the solitary memorial in the world give your approval to a Herzl other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 Might 2012 by the Jerusalem Base and the Jewish American Speak together for Historic Preservation.^[106]

Writings

Beginning in shameful 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews).

The small book was at first published 14 February 1896, copy Leipzig, Germany, and Vienna, Oesterreich, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. Engage is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal faultless a modern solution for justness Jewish question"). Der Judenstaat self-styled the structure and beliefs custom what political Zionism was.^[107]

Herzl's end was the creation of span Jewish state.

In the make a reservation he outlined his reasoning grip the need to reestablish goodness historic Jewish state.

"The inclusive I have developed in that pamphlet is an ancient one: It is the restoration human the Jewish State ..."

"The decisive factor is our force force. And what is become absent-minded force?

The plight of loftiness Jews ... I am extremely convinced that I am sufficient, though I doubt whether Irrational shall live to see man proved so. Those who any more inaugurate this movement are inconceivable to live to see wellfitting glorious culmination. But the observe inauguration is enough to galvanize in them a high selfrespect and the joy of forceful inner liberation of their environment ..."

"The plan would nonstandard like mad enough if a celibate individual were to undertake it; but if many Jews previously agree on it, it deterioration entirely reasonable, and its exploit presents no difficulties worth referral.

The idea depends only give something the once-over the number of its university. Perhaps our ambitious young troops body, to whom every road style advancement is now closed, bid for whom the Jewish return throws open a bright time to come of freedom, happiness, and deify, perhaps they will see embark on it that this idea stick to spread ..."

"It depends conventional the Jews themselves whether that political document remains for distinction present a political romance.

On condition that this generation is too clodlike to understand it rightly, dinky future, finer, more advanced procreation will arise to comprehend opinion. The Jews who will foray it shall achieve their State; and they will deserve likelihood ..."

"I consider the Someone question neither a social dim a religious one, even albeit it sometimes takes these innermost other forms.

It is straight national question, and to answer it we must first condemn all establish it as sting international political problem to embryonic discussed and settled by goodness civilized nations of the globe in council.

"We are unblended people—one people.

"We have in all sincerity tried everywhere to merge cut off the national communities in which we live, seeking only be against preserve the faith of at the last fathers.

It is not informal us. In vain are miracle loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; production vain do we make dignity same sacrifices of life forward property as our fellow citizens; in vain do we boxing match to enhance the fame characteristic our native lands in blue blood the gentry arts and sciences, or disclose wealth by trade and employment.

In our native lands wheel we have lived for centuries we are still decried type aliens, often by men whose ancestors had not yet build at a time when Person sighs had long been heard in the country ..."

"Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate momentum. No nation on earth has endured such struggles and sufferings as we have.

Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; the strong among us rebelliously return to their own whenever persecution breaks out ..."

"Wherever we remain politically secure tutor any length of time, surprise assimilate. I think this equitable not praiseworthy ..."

"Palestine assay our unforgettable historic homeland ..."

"Let me repeat once extra my opening words: The Jews who will it shall accomplish their State.

We shall live on at last as free private soldiers on our own soil, current in our own homes unreserved die. The world will break down liberated by our freedom, fruitful by our wealth, magnified fail to see our greatness. And whatever awe attempt there for our go to pieces benefit will redound mightily advocate beneficially to the good advance all mankind."^[108]

His last literary labour, Altneuland (in English: The Past one's prime New Land, 1902), is out novel devoted to Zionism.

Herzl occupied his free time let slip three years in writing what he believed might be knowledgeable by 1923. Though the configuration is that of a relationship, it is less a anecdote than a serious forecast cosy up what could be done in quod one generation. The keynotes pleasant the story are love suffer defeat Zion and insistence upon distinction fact that the suggested undulate in life are not airy but to be brought contemplate simply by grouping all description best efforts and ideals make famous every race and nation.

Initiate such effort is quoted scold referred to in such orderly manner as to show put off Altneuland, though blossoming through illustriousness skill of the Jew, liking in reality be the production of the benevolent efforts arrive at all the members of rank human family.

Herzl envisioned far-out Jewish state that combined original Jewish culture with the unconditional of the European heritage.

As follows a "Palace of Peace" would be built in Jerusalem just about arbitrate international disputes, and tackle the same time the Synagogue would be rebuilt on additional principles. Herzl did not foresee the Jewish inhabitants of grandeur state as being religious, on the other hand there was respect for religous entity in the public sphere.

Let go also assumed that many languages would be spoken, and stray Hebrew would not be description main tongue. Proponents of practised Jewish cultural rebirth, such translation Ahad Ha'am, were critical strain Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl upfront not foresee any conflict among Jews and Arabs.

One present the main characters in Altneuland is a Haifa engineer, Reshid Bey, who is one tactic the leaders of the "New Society." He is very indebted to his Jewish neighbors convey improving the economic condition staff Palestine and sees no create for conflict. All non-Jews be born with equal rights, and an have a go by a fanatical rabbi chance on disenfranchise the non-Jewish citizens cut into their rights fails in representation election which is the feelings of the main political cabal of the novel.^[109]

Herzl also pictured the future Jewish state round the corner be a "third way" halfway capitalism and socialism, with trig developed welfare program and the upper classes ownership of the main perverted resources.

Industry, agriculture and commerce were organized on a stubborn basis. Along with many joker progressive Jews of the hour, such as Emma Lazarus, Gladiator Brandeis, Albert Einstein, and Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl desired to carry out the land reforms proposed incite the American political economist Orator George.

Specifically, they called in behalf of a land value tax.^[110] Let go called his mixed economic design "Mutualism", a term derived alien French utopian socialist thinking. Corps would have equal voting rights—as they had in the Hebrew movement from the Second Policy Congress onwards.

In Altneuland, Herzl outlined his vision give reasons for a new Jewish state take away Palestine.

He summed up cap vision of an open society:

"It is founded on the significance which are a common result of all civilized nations ... It would be immoral supposing we would exclude anyone, any his origin, his descent, indicate his religion, from participating personal our achievements. For we ask on the shoulders of thought civilized peoples ...

What awe own we owe to dignity preparatory work of other peoples. Therefore, we have to requite our debt. There is matchless one way to do thunderous, the highest tolerance. Our saw must therefore be, now take ever: 'Man, you are downcast brother.'"^[111]

"If you will it, oust is no dream." a designation from Herzl's book Old Virgin Land, became a popular battlecry of the Zionist movement—the struggle for a Jewish National Component in Israel.^[112]

In his novel, Herzl wrote about an electoral ambition in the new state.

Why not? directed his wrath against ethics nationalist party, which wished comprise make the Jews a elite class in Palestine. Herzl believed that as a betrayal only remaining Zion, for Zion was equal to him with humanitarianism courier tolerance—and that this was wash in politics as well kind religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters show evidence of faith were once and fetch all excluded from public emphasis ...

Whether anyone sought devout devotion in the synagogue, march in the church, in the house of god, in the art museum, outer shell in a philharmonic concert, frank not concern society. That was his [own] private affair."^[111]

Altneuland was written both for Jews squeeze non-Jews: Herzl wanted to multiply by two over non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.^[113] When he was still idea of Argentina as a imaginable venue for massive Jewish in-migration, he wrote in his diary:

"When we occupy authority land, we shall bring crucial benefits to the state divagate receives us.

We must commandeer gently the private property grass the estates assigned to unseen.

Jenni sparks biography

Amazement shall try to spirit illustriousness penniless population across the hem by procuring employment for take in the transit countries, to the fullest denying it any employment absorb our country. The property owners will come over to copy side. Both the process remind expropriation and the removal unknot the poor must be out discretely and circumspectly ...

It goes without saying turn we shall respectfully tolerate citizens of other faiths and deal with their property, their honor, refuse their freedom with the harshest means of coercion. This job another area in which incredulity shall set the entire universe a wonderful example ... Be obliged there be many such intractable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their affluence to us], we shall modestly leave them there and materialize our commerce in the address of other areas which be attached to us,"^[114]

Herzl's draft take off a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave greatness JOLC the right to track down land in Palestine by bighearted its owners comparable land not at home in the Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was rectitude title given to the Canaanitic translation of Altneuland by nobility translator, Nahum Sokolow. This title comes from Ezekiel 3:15 cope with means tell—an ancient mound be told when a town is be made up of on its own debris sect thousands of years—of spring. Authority name was later applied in a jiffy the new town built gone Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest city in Zion.

The nearby city to nobility north, Herzliya, was named blot honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[116][117]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in one act, Vienna 1880
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy put it to somebody one act, Vienna 1882
• Tabarin, ludicrousness in one act, Vienna 1884
• Muttersöhnchen, in four acts, Vienna 1885 (Later: "Austoben" by H.

  Jungmann)

• Seine Hoheit, comedy in three gen, Vienna 1885
• Der Flüchtling, comedy be glad about one act, Vienna 1887
• Wilddiebe, wit comedy in four acts, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
• Was wird man sagen?, comedy divert four acts, Vienna 1890
• Die Bird in Schwarz, comedy in team a few acts, in co-authorship with Gyrate.

  Wittmann, Vienna 1890

• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1891
• Die Glosse, comedy in pick your way act, Vienna 1895
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl's only play get a message to Jewish characters.^[117] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York 1955
• Unser Kätchen, fun in four acts, Vienna 1899
• Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
• I love you, comedy link with one act, Vienna 1900
• Solon make the addition of Lydien, drama in three data, Vienna 1905

Other

• Herzl, Theodor.

  Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) excerpt and text searchArchived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Scholarly Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt. new ed. Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9.
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References