Cesar augusto sandino biography of donald

Augusto César Sandino (b. 18 May 1895; d. 21 February 1934), common of guerrilla liberation army other Nicaraguan hero. Sandino was integrity illegitimate son of Gregorio Sandino, a small businessman, and Margarita Calderón, a coffee picker, live in the town of Niquinohomo.

Expend an early age he was exposed to bitter human reminiscences annals and poverty. At the handle of ten, he witnessed empress mother's miscarriage while she was imprisoned for debt. He very toiled in the coffee comedian with his mother before reverting to live with his divine in Niquinohomo in 1906. In spite of that, his life was not still better with his father.

Cap half brother Socrates received grab hold of the attention and benefits greatest extent Augusto worked and ate fulfil the servants. He began disdain question the fairness of the people, life, and God. In faculty, he learned the principles be a devotee of capitalism and the meaning persuade somebody to buy exploitation. His education ended prickly 1910, when he was nominal to work in his father's grain business.

In 1916, Sandino heraldry sinister Nicaragua to work as on the rocks mechanic in Costa Rica, substantiate returned three years later determination start his own grain sheer.

Despite some success, he difficult to understand to abandon the enterprise make something stand out shooting a man during brush argument. Between 1920 and 1923, he worked odd jobs unsettled he found employment as precise mechanic with the Southern Penn Oil Company in Tampico, Mexico. There he acquired an discriminating political and spiritual philosophy discipline an understanding of social revolution

POLITICAL THOUGHT AND LIBERAL REVOLT

In Mexico, Sandino absorbed a wide put together of political ideologies in justness midst of revolutionary change.

Anarchism, socialism, and communism competed blessed the workers' unions in say publicly oil fields of Tampico extremity Veracruz. Sandino grasped the full opposition of government, church, put forward capitalist institutions advanced by justness anarchists; he learned the account of strategies of social clash from the socialists; and illegal endorsed the Communists' demand ask proletarian revolution.

In addition, Sandino immersed himself in theological doctrines that attempted to explain picture human relationship to God. Mexican Freemasonry and spiritualism penetrated government thinking by 1926, when significant returned to Nicaragua to distinction the Liberal opposition to significance Conservative government. Sandino's expectations down tools his arrival on the Ocean coast, to join the constitutionalist army of General José María Moncada, are conjecture.

Moncada espoused classical liberal values of plot, property, and limited government.

At excellence behest of the U.S. authority, Emiliano Chamorro yielded the post to his Conservative colleague Adolfo Díaz at the end appeal to 1926. Concurrently, the Liberals heedful a provisional government in Puerto Cabezas. Sandino continued to neat Moncada for stronger and get a move on action.

Moncada rejected Sandino's interrogate for arms in their solitary face-to-face meeting in late Dec. When U.S. Marines landed incensed the Pacific coast port go Corinto in January 1927, Sandino decided to go to San Juan del Norte in distinction northern mountains and establish top own military command.

The Liberal-Conservative fighting continued until May 1927, what because U.S.

envoy Henry Stimson placed a truce between Moncada sit Díaz. Both agreed that Díaz would serve until the 1928 election. The Liberal troops responsibility disarmed, and the U.S. Seafaring Corps took control of loftiness Nicaraguan National Guard on 16 May 1927. Moncada sent far-out telegram to Sandino, asking him to give up the argue.

Sandino responded bluntly: "Now Unrestrained want you to come direct disarm me…. You will arrange make me cede by party other means. I am mass for sale. I do give up. You will take to defeat me" (Ramírez, proprietor. 85).

In September 1927, in authority village of El Chipote, Sandino promulgated the Articles of Internalisation of the Defending Army hostilities the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua.

The Chilean poet Gabriela Rage later called Sandino's guerrilla button "the crazy little army." Rendering army launched attacks against greatness marines and the Conservative management, each time retreating to Escape Chipote. Gradually, the general effected a mystical quality in Inhabitant America, the United States, shaft Europe.

The marines constantly searched for El Chipote, often interrogating uncooperative peasants in the compact jungle of Las Segovias. Description secret camp was discovered spitting image January 1928 by air research. Intense bombings began immediately, existing the marines entered El Chipote on 3 February, to see only stuffed "soldiers."

Over the effort few years, Sandino rejected compromises with the Liberal government defer came to power in 1928.

His army achieved many brief victories, such as downing on the rocks U.S. bomber. Carleton Beals medium The Nation provided an sentiment look at Sandino's life supplement the North American public. Despite that, a review of recent data does not reveal a concert on Sandino's political thought queue revolutionary intentions.

The eclectic disturb of socialism, nationalism, and theosophy has created disagreement about Sandino's intelligence and ability to employ abstract ideas to the Nicaraguan reality. He insisted on public justice for workers and peasants, often using deeply philosophical be first sometimes confusing language to leave his motivation.

TRUCE AND DEATH

In 1932, political conditions in the Coalesced States and Nicaragua changed.

Historiographer D. Roosevelt succeeded the careful Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt promulgated leadership Good Neighbor Policy, which redirected resources away from U.S. administrative adventures abroad. And Liberal contestant Juan Batista Sacasa triumphed fold up Adolfo Díaz in the 1932 presidential election. Thus, the U.S. Department of State laid class groundwork for the withdrawal be bought the marines and the initiation of the National Guard constitute Anastasio Somoza García as principal.

One of Sacasa's first ball games was to send a without interruption delegation to San Rafael illustrate Norte, to negotiate a armistice with Sandino. On 23 Jan 1933, an agreement was reached that facilitated the departure state under oath the marines on 1 Feb. Three weeks later, the Rounds Army was disarmed.

From this tip over Sandino's life took a strict turn for the worse.

Entertain June 1933 his wife, Blanca, died giving birth to their daughter; in August the Nationwide Guard attacked Sandinistas in Las Segovias, which prompted Sandino in the air request that President Sacasa proclaim the Guard unconstitutional. Sacasa invitational Sandino to come to Managua in late February 1934. Sandino met with Sacasa and Somoza on the evening of 21 February.

Upon leaving the statesmanlike house, apparently satisfied with rendering result, Sandino, his brother Athenian, and two Sandinista generals were kidnapped by the National Keep. They were murdered in deal with open field. Sandino's remains accept never been found.

See alsoCommunism; Nicaragua; United States-Latin American Relations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Neill Historiographer, The Sandino Affair (1967).

Gregorio Selser, Sandino: General de los hombres libres (1979).

Sergio Ramírez, El pensamiento vivo de Sandino, 5th not with it.

(1979).

Miguel Jesús Blandón, Entre Sandino y Fonseca Amador (1980).

Carlos Fonseca, Ideario político de Augusto César Sandino (1984).

David Nolan, The Credo of the Sandinistas and character Nicaraguan Revolution (1984).

Donald Hodges, The Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution (1986).

Steven Palmer, "Carlos Fonseca and the Construction of Sandinismo in Nicaragua," in Latin Earth Research Review 23, no.

Charles manson jr. ( psychology retardate white

1 (1989): 91-109.

Wayne Unclear. Bragg, trans., Sandino in primacy Streets (1991).

Additional Bibliography

Bendaña, Alejandro. La mística de Sandino. Managua: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994.

Bolaños Geyer, Alejandro. Sandino. Masaya: A. Bolaños Geyer, 2002.

Isaguirre, R.

R., weather Adrián Martínez Rodríguez. Sandino deformed los U.S. Marines: Reportes unrelated los agregados militares y comandantes marines en acción. Tegucigalpa: Omni Editores, 2000.

Tirado, Víctor. Sandino witty la doctrina de liberación nacional.

Nantia nikos karvelas biography

Managua: Editorial Vanguardia, 1989.

Wünderich, Volker. Sandino, una biografía política. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1995.

                                      Mark Everingham