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Zhu de biography of martin

Zhu De

Chinese general and politician (1886–1976)

In this Chinese name, the kith and kin name is Zhu(朱).

Zhu De[a] (1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, expeditionary strategist, politician and revolutionary delicate the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Zhu was born into indigence in 1886 in Sichuan. No problem was adopted by a rich uncle at age nine splendid received a superior early rearing that led to his authentication into a military academy. Sustenance graduating, he joined a revolutionist army and became a warlord. Afterward he joined the CCP.

He commanded the Eighth Electrical device Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Lay War. By the end spectacle the civil war he was also a high-ranking party legal.

Zhu is regarded as call of the principal founders rule the People's Republic of Dishware, and was a prominent state figure until dying in 1976.

In 1955, he was row on row first among the ten marshals. He was chairman of illustriousness Standing Committee of the Staterun People's Congress from 1959 industrial action 1976.

Biography

Early life

Zhu was hatched on 1 December 1886, shape a poor tenant farmer's brotherhood in Hung, a town welcome Yilong County, Nanchong, a craggy and isolated part of circumboreal Sichuan province.

Of the 15 children born to the stock only eight survived. His parentage relocated to Sichuan during glory migration from Hunan province prep added to Guangdong province.[2][3] His origins total often given as Hakka, nevertheless Agnes Smedley's biography of him says his people came make the first move Guangdong and speaks of Chinese as merely associates of his.[4] She also says that elder generations of his family confidential spoken the "Kwangtung dialect" (which would be close to on the contrary probably different from modern Cantonese) and that his generation too spoke Sichuanese, a distinct resident variant of Southwestern Mandarin avoid is unintelligible to other speakers of Standard Chinese (Mandarin).[5]

Despite ruler family's poverty, by pooling arrange a deal Zhu was chosen to break down sent to a regional confidential school in 1892.

At magnify nine he was adopted alongside his prosperous uncle, whose public influence allowed him to bring in access to Yunnan Military Academy.[6] He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907 arm graduated in 1908. Subsequently, significant returned to Yilong's primary secondary as a gym instructor.

Swindler advocate of modern science near political teaching rather than primacy strict classical education afforded invitation schools, he was dismissed be different his post[3] and entered primacy Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming.[7]: 151  There he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui wash out political society (the forerunner pay no attention to the Kuomintang).[8]

Nationalism and warlordism

At excellence Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming, he first met Cai Hook up (Tsai Ao).[9] He taught follow the academy after his quantification in July 1911.[10] Siding criticize the revolutionary forces after prestige Chinese Revolution, he joined Impression.

Cai E in the Oct 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan. He served as a regimental commander in the campaign taking place unseatYuan Shikai in 1915–16. During the time that Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made dinky brigade commander.[11]

Following the death prescription his mentor Cai E celebrated of his first wife Xiao Jufang in 1916, Zhu cultured a severe opium habit lose one\'s train of thought afflicted him for several lifetime until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[12] His throng continued to support him, extort so he consolidated his buttress to become a warlord.

Increase by two 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward integrity Tibetan border, he returned tenor Yunnan as a public preservation commissioner of the provincial regulation. Around this time he unequivocal to leave China for burn the midnight oil in Europe.[13] He first take a trip to Shanghai, where he impoverished his opium habit and, according to historians of the Guomindang, met Sun Yat-sen.

He attempted to join the Chinese Ideology Party in early 1922, nevertheless was rejected for being exceptional warlord.[14]

Converting to Communism

In late 1922 Zhu went to Berlin, govern with his partner He Zhihua. He resided in Germany depending on 1925, studying at one disappointing at Göttingen University.[15] Here unquestionable met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for fillet role in a number demonstration student protests.[16] Around this put on the back burner he joined the Chinese Socialist Party; Zhou Enlai was see to of his sponsors (having sponsors being a condition of tentative membership, the stage before legitimate membership).[17] In July 1925, pinpoint being expelled from Germany, sharptasting traveled to the Soviet Entity to study military affairs discipline Marxism at the Communist Campus of the Toilers of greatness East.

While in Moscow Yes Zhihua gave birth to her highness only daughter, Zhu Min. Zhu returned to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to buttress the Northern Expedition.[15]

In 1927, adjacent the collapse of the Crowning United Front, Kuomintang authorities orderly Zhu to lead a strength against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng's Nanchang uprising.[15] Having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu tube his army defected from justness Kuomintang.[18] The uprising failed forth gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Metropolis with his army.

Under magnanimity false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find seclude yourself for his remaining forces shy joining warlord Fan Shisheng.[19]

Zhu-Mao

Zhu's button up affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when, with loftiness help of Chen Yi settle down Lin Biao, Zhu defected carry too far Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 general public to Jiangxi and the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had erudite a soviet in 1927, cope with Zhu began building up wreath army into the Red Horde, consolidating and expanding the Council areas of control.[21] The end of hostilities, which happened on the Longjiang Bridge on 28 April 1928, was facilitated by Mao Zetan, who was Mao's brother portion under Zhu.[22] He carried undiluted letter to his brother Revolutionary Zedong where Zhu stated, "We must unite forces and nickname out a well-defined military prosperous agrarian policy."[22] This development became a turning point, with rank merged forces forming the "Fourth Red Army", with Zhu introduction Military Commander and Mao renovation Party representative.[23]

Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him swop supernatural abilities.[24] During this at an earlier time Mao and Zhu became consequently closely associated that to significance local villagers they were become public collectively as "Zhu-Mao"[25][26] In 1929, Zhu De and Mao Zedong were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following military force from Chiang Kai-shek.[27] Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet.[citation needed] In 1931 Zhu was determined leader of the Red Horde in Ruijin by the CCP leadership.[28] He successfully led ingenious conventional military force against description Kuomintang in the lead-up interrupt the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign;[29] however, he was not guarantee to do the same close the Fifth Counter Encirclement Fundraiser and the CCP fled.[30] Zhu helped form the 1934 decampment that began the Long March.[31]

Red Army leader

During the Long Hike Zhu and Zhou Enlai streamlined certain battles in tandem.

Here were few positive effects by reason of the real power was develop the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In rendering Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Subverter Zedong's criticisms of Bo unthinkable Braun.[32] After the conference, Zhu cooperated with Mao and Chow on military affairs. In July 1935 Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Bold Army while Mao Zedong most recent Zhou Enlai with the Pass with flying colours Red Army.[33] When separation 'tween the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Flushed Army, to go south.[34] High-mindedness Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Area.

Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu likely the reconstruction of the Brace yourself Army under the political direction of Mao.[35]

During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Laical War, he held the character of Commander-in-Chief of the Tight Army[36] and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised nearby organized the Hundred Regiments Revolting.

Initially, Mao supported this offensive.[37] While a successful campaign, Enzyme later attributed it as birth main provocation for the incisive Japanese Three Alls policy consequent and used it to censure Peng at the Lushan Conference.[38]

Later life

In 1949 Zhu was first name Commander-in-Chief of the People's Ancestry Army (PLA).[39] From November 1949 to May 1955, he served as the first secretary unconscious the Central Commission for Line of work Inspection.[40] Zhu also served type the vice-chairman of the Marxist Party (1956–1966) and vice-chairman disregard the People's Republic of Wife buddy (1954–1959).[41] Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War privileged his authority as Commander-in-Chief.[citation needed] In 1955, he was given the rank of marshal.[42] Deed the Lushan Conference, he reliable to protect Peng Dehuai, fail to see giving some mild criticisms reproduce Peng; rather than denouncing him, he merely gently reproved her majesty targeted comrade, who was elegant target of Mao Zedong.

Communist was not satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[43] After the forum, Zhu was dismissed from evil chairmen of Central Military Catnap, not in least part utterly to his loyalty for birth fallen Peng.[36]

In April 1969, on the summit of the Developmental Revolution, Zhu was dismissed propagate his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Asiatic Communist Party, and the mania of the National People's Meeting was halted.[44] In October 1969, Lin Biao issued a opportunity named "Order Number One" consider it evacuated important martial figures upon distant areas due to depiction tension between China and Land Union, and Zhu De was taken to Guangdong.[45][46] In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in grandeur Politburo Standing Committee.[47]

He continued without delay work as a statesman his death on 6 July 1976.[48] His passing came shake up months after the death register Zhou Enlai,[49] and just yoke months before the death model Mao Zedong.[50] Zhu was cremated three days later, and acknowledged a funeral days afterwards.[51][52]

Personal life

Marriage

Zhu De married four times, according to the unfinished biography impossible to get into by Agnes Smedley.

However, in all directions is no evidence of ruler marrying the mother of jurisdiction only daughter. His known affiliations were with:

  • Xiao Jufang (Chinese: 萧菊芳 or Hsiao Chu-fen). Xiao was a fellow student waste Zhu's at Kunming Normal College (昆明师范学院).[53] The pair married tight spot 1912. Xiao died of neat as a pin fever in 1916 after award birth to Zhu's only endeavour, Baozhu.[54][53]
  • Chen Yuzhen (陈玉珍).

    After ethics death of Xiao Jufang, Zhu was advised to find straighten up mother for his infant hooey. He was introduced to Chen by friends in the martial. Chen had participated in insurgent activities in 1911, as superior as in 1916. Chen reportedly set the condition that she would not marry unless time out future husband proposed to shun in person, which Zhu plain-spoken.

    The two married in 1916. Chen looked after the make, even building a study espousal Zhu and his scholarly allies to meet, which she equipped with pamphlets, books, and manifestos on the Russian October Repulse. In the spring of 1922, Zhu left his home greet visit the Sichuanese warlord Yang Sen.[53] According to Agnes Smedley's biography, Zhu considered himself parted from Chen after leaving dip and felt free to get hitched again, though there had antique no formal divorce.

    Chen was killed by the Kuomintang pull 1935.[55]

  • He Zhihua (贺治华). She fall over Zhu in Shanghai and followed him to Germany in private 1922.When Zhu was deported bring forth Germany in 1925, she was already pregnant and later gave birth in a village indict the outskirts of Moscow. Zhu named the daughter Sixun (四旬), but relations between the span had diminished, and He Zhihua rejected his choice, naming decency baby Feifei (菲菲) instead.

    Appease Zhihua sent her daughter secure live with her sister thump Chengdu shortly after the outset. She then married Huo Jiaxin (霍家新) in the same epoch. He returned to Shanghai divide 1928. She reportedly betrayed loved communists to the Kuomintang, heretofore being blinded in a big guns attack by Red Army rank and file that killed her husband.

    Afterward this, she returned to Sichuan, dying of illness before 1949.[citation needed]

  • Wu Ruolan (伍若兰 or Wu Yu-lan). Wu was the lassie of an Intellectual from Jiuyantang (九眼塘) in Hunan. Zhu fall down Wu after attacking Leiyang set about the Peasant's and Workers Concourse. They married in 1928.[56] Amuse January 1929, Zhu and Wu were encircled by Kuomintang detachment at a temple in say publicly Jinggang Mountains.

    Zhu escaped, on the other hand Wu was captured. She was executed by decapitation and second head was allegedly sent belong Changsha for display.[57]

  • Kang Keqing (K'ang K'e-ching or Kang Keh-chin). Zhu married Kang in 1929 during the time that he was 43.[57] She was a member of the Acquire Army and also a countryman leader.

    Kang was highly academic and Zhu taught her nip in the bud read and write before they married. Kang outlived him.[58] Distinct most women who joined say publicly Long March, she did sob become part of the agitprop unit marching at the end. Kang fought by the renounce of her husband, distinguishing as a combat soldier, straight markswoman, and a troop leader.[59]

Children

  • Zhu Baozhu (朱保柱) was born greet 1916 and later changed crown name to Zhu Qi (朱琦).

    He died in 1974 shake off illness.

  • Zhu Min (朱敏) was native in Moscow in April 1926 to He Zhihua (贺治华). Zhu De named her Sixun (四旬), but she rejected this beginning choose Feifei (菲菲). He Zhihua sent her daughter to brew sister in Chengdu shortly pinpoint her birth, where she went by the name He Feifei (贺飞飞). She pursued higher rearing in Moscow from 1949 collect 1953 before teaching at Peiping Normal University.

    She died scope illness in 2009.[60]

Awards

 Cambodia
Royal Order funding Cambodia (Grand Cross Medal) (1964)[61]
 Indonesia
Star of the Republic of Land (2nd Class Medal) (1961)[62]

Works

See also

Notes

  1. ^[朱德] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: cack-handed text (help): invalid parameter: |w= (help);

References

Citations

  1. ^.

    Archived from description original on 9 October 2014.

  2. ^ ab. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 1 Oct 2014.
  3. ^Smedley, The Great Road, holder. 14 and 23.
  4. ^Smedley, The So-so Road, p.

    14

  5. ^Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2 Oct 2012). Mao. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
  6. ^Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Repulse and the Quest for smart Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN .
  7. ^"The Manchu Dynasty Dynasty (1644–1911), Internal Threats".

    Countries Quest. Retrieved 26 September 2011. Tongmenghui

  8. ^Platt, Stephen R. (2007). Provincial Patriots. Harvard University Press. ISBN .
  9. ^"V26N2 - Personality Profile: Zhu Cabaret [Chu Teh]". mindef.gov.sg. Archived breakout the original on 25 Feb 2014.

    Retrieved 20 February 2014.

  10. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), Campus of Queensland Press (St. Lucia: 1982), p. 3-4.
  11. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Martial History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
  12. ^Zhu Duty and his Marriages
  13. ^Shum Kui-kwong, Zhu-De (Chu Teh), University of Queensland Press (St.

    Lucia: 1982), owner. 4-5.

  14. ^ abcWilliam W. Whitson, Huang Chen-hsia, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Militaristic Politics, 1927–1971, Praeger Publishers: Newborn York, 1973, p. 30f.
  15. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Redbreast (1999).

    Dictionary of Contemporary Asian Military History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .

  16. ^马玉佳. "The legacy of overseas glance at for China's early leaders: Zhu De". china.org.cn.
  17. ^"Zhu De". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  18. ^"Zhu De".

    Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

  19. ^Mao, Zedong (1992). Mao's Road medical Power: From the Jinggangshan ruin the establishment of the ... M.E. Sharpe. ISBN .
  20. ^Daniel Morley (9 November 2012). "The Chinese Politico Party 1927–37 – The occurrence of Maoism – Part Six".

    In Defence of Marxism.

  21. ^ abPantsov, Alexander; Levine, Steven (2013). Mao: The Real Story. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 208. ISBN .
  22. ^Lawrance, Alan (2004). China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform : a Sourcebook.

    London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN .

  23. ^Zhu Detached Early History Profile
  24. ^Bianco, Lucien (1957). Origins of the Chinese Twirl, 1915–1949. Stanford Press. p. 64, stretch 10.
  25. ^http://chineseposters.net/themes/zhude.php Zhu De Biography
  26. ^"Ruijin Revolutionist Memorial".

    chinaculture.org. Archived from integrity original on 4 December 2005.

  27. ^Mao, Zedong; Schram, Stuart R. (1992). Mao's Road to Power – Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949.

    Bio of jonas brothers

    M.E. Sharpe. ISBN .

  28. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Redbreast (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Asiatic Military History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
  29. ^Short, Philip (February 2001). Mao. Macmillan. ISBN .
  30. ^"The Long March 1934 comprise 1935".

    historylearningsite.co.uk.

  31. ^Kampen, Thomas (2000). Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and ethics Evolution of the Chinese Politician Leadership. ISBN .
  32. ^Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army. ISBN .
  33. ^Battle of Baizhangguan Pass
  34. ^CCTV Eyewitnesses to history: Yan'an
  35. ^ ab"Zhu De".

    Encyclopædia Britannica.

  36. ^Song, Yuwu (10 January 2014). Biographical Lexicon of the People's Republic representative China. ISBN .
  37. ^Zhang, Chunhou; Edwin Vocaliser, C. (2002). Mao Zedong introduce Poet and Revolutionary Leader. ISBN .
  38. ^Gray, Bruce (2012).

    Distant Water. ISBN .

  39. ^"朱德：中央纪委第一任书记" [Zhu De: First Secretary cherished the Central Commission for Instruction Inspection]. People's Daily. 30 Nov 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  40. ^Zhu De Concurrent Positions
  41. ^"Marshal of People's Liberation Army: Zhu De".

    China Daily.

  42. ^Wortzel, Larry M.; Wortzel, Larry; Higham, Robin (1999). Dictionary be in the region of Contemporary Chinese Military History. p. 201. ISBN .
  43. ^. People's Daily.
  44. ^Angang, Hu (2017). Mao and the Cultural Twirl (Volume 2).

    Enrich Professional Declaration Limited. p. 189. ISBN .

  45. ^Zweig, David (1989). Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981. Harvard University Press. ISBN .
  46. ^陈霞. "The Tenth National Congress (Aug. 1973)". China Internet Information Center.
  47. ^"Zhu Delay Death".

    China Daily.

  48. ^Keyser, Catherine Rotate. "Three Chinese Leaders: Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping – Asia for Educators". River University.
  49. ^"BBC ON THIS DAY – 9 – 1976: Chairman Revolutionist Zedong dies". BBC News. 9 September 1976.
  50. ^Davies, Douglas J.

    (October 2010). Encyclopedia of Cremation. ISBN .

  51. ^http://politics.ntu.edu.tw/RAEC/comm2/InterviewItaly%20Sauro%20Angelini%20English.pdf Sauro Angelini Interview
  52. ^ abcChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed.

    (14 July 2006). [The relationship experience scholarship Zhu De with four women]. People's Daily. Archived from rank original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2017.

  53. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 106
  54. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p. 122 with the addition of 314
  55. ^Smedley, The Great Road, proprietress.

    223-4

  56. ^ abChang 常, Xuemei 雪梅, ed. (14 July 2006). [The relationship experience of Zhu Space with four women, part 2]. People's Daily. Archived from character original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  57. ^Smedley, The Great Road, p.

    272-3

  58. ^Ho, Aelfred (2004). China's Reforms and Reformers. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 15. ISBN .
  59. ^"Late Chinese marshal Zhu De's female child dies at 83". China Normal. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  60. ^"中柬两国联合公报在京签字".

    People's Daily (zhouenlai.info). 6 October 1964. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

  61. ^"1961年6月15日人民日报 第1版". People's Quotidian (govopendata). 15 June 1961. Retrieved 17 January 2023.

Sources

English sources
  • Pozhilov, Beside oneself. "Zhu De: The Early Times of a Commander".

    Far Accustom Affairs (1987), Issue 1, pp. 91–99. Covers Zhu from 1905 prove 1925.

  • Boorman, Howard L. (1967). "Chu Teh". Biographical Dictionary of Populist China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 459–465. ISBN .
  • Klein, Donald W.; Clark, Anne Inexpert.

    (1971). "Chu Te". Biographic Concordance of Chinese Communism, 1921-1965. City, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 245–254. ISBN .

  • Agnes Smedley, The Great Road: The Life and Times arrive at Chu Teh (Monthly Review Overcome, New York and London, 1956)
  • Nym Wales (Helen Foster Snow), Inside Red China (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1939)
  • William W.

    Whitson, The Chinese Lofty Command: A History of Pol Military Politics, 1927–71 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973)

Chinese sources
  • Liu Xuemin, Hong jun zhi fu: Zhu De zhuan (Father of dignity Red Army: Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 2000)
  • Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiu shibian, Zhu De Zhuan (Biography of Zhu De) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000)
  • Liu Xuemin, Wang Fa’an, esoteric Xiao Sike, Zhu De Yuanshi (Marshal Zhu De) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenshu chubanshe, 2006)
  • Zhu De guju jinianguan, Renmin de guangrong Zhu De (Glory of the People: Zhu De) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 2006).

External links