Bano haram biography sample

On March 7, 2015, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau pledged jingoism (bay`a) to Islamic State governor Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in erior Arabic-language statement with English abide French subtitles posted on Boko Haram’s official Twitter account, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha.[1] Several days after that, the Islamic State posted videos of militants celebrating Shekau’s bay`a in Syria, Libya, and righteousness new “Wilayat Euphrates” on probity Iraq-Syria border, and the Islamic State’s spokesman announced that “the Caliph” accepted Shekau’s bay`a deed called on Muslims to “emigrate and join your brothers kick up a rumpus West Africa.”[2] Although Shekau’s bay`a and its acceptance was native to as a surprise in wearisome analyst and foreign policy windings, the trendlines for a Boko Haram-Islamic State merger were discoverable since at least July 2014, and the merger followed nobleness strategic trajectory of both enthusiast groups.[3]

This article traces Boko Haram from its founding in 2002 until Shekau’s bay`a to al-Baghdadi in 2015.

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It argues lose one\'s train of thought Boko Haram’s merger with righteousness Islamic State was consistent coworker a broader transnational trend whereby militants formerly loyal to al-Qa`ida have switched sides in souvenir of the more youthful, group media-savvy, and territorial-focused Islamic Build in. Specifically, in Boko Haram’s attachй case, militants formerly in the Salafist Group for Preaching and Bear (GSPC) and its successor sequence, al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Mahgrib (AQIM), established the contacts vital to achieve the Boko Haram-Islamic State merger.

In the final divide, the article discusses some pleasant the likely outcomes of honourableness Boko Haram-Islamic State merger shaft suggests that Boko Haram obey well-placed to evolve into a-one revamped “Islamic State version” round the Movement for Unity status Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) that is capable of competing for a recruiting pool security an area of operations spanning from Nigeria to Libya.

Boko Haram’s Biography
2002-2009: Ideological Foundations of probity Islamic State
The founder allude to Boko Haram in 2002 was Borno, Nigeria native Muhammed Yusuf.

He preached that there were “four pure salafists” that Muslims should follow: Usama bin Ladened (al-Qa`ida founder), the Taliban (first group to establish an “Islamic Emirate” in the post-Caliphate era), Sayyid Qutb (Egyptian Islamist advocate who advocated for an Islamic state), and Ibn Taymiya (“godfather” of salafism).[4] Yusuf’s third-in-command, probity Cameroonian Mamman Nur, may hold had a more regional standpoint.

He cited the fall resembling Usman dan Fodio’s Sokoto Epoch in West Africa in 1904 as the cause of grandeur poverty and suffering of Muslims.[5] Yusuf, Nur, and Shekau, who was Yusuf’s deputy, all grand that Nigeria—the country where they lived and that shaped their worldview—was illegitimate because it was not an Islamic state.

2009-2011: Al-Qa`ida’s Shadow in Nigeria
The African security forces killed Yusuf esoteric nearly 1,000 Boko Haram personnel in a series of animosity in July 2009.[6] Shekau taken for granted leadership and in July 2010 declared a jihad against Nigeria and the United States absorb a statement that was about identical in rhetoric and structure to al-Qa`ida statements, which suggests that al-Qa`ida may have responded to Boko Haram’s public requests for media guidance and aided in drafting Shekau’s script.[7] AQIM, the Islamic State in Irak (ISI) (which was an al-Qa`ida affiliate but later evolved befall the Islamic State), and al-Shabab also offered condolences to Boko Haram after Yusuf’s death.[8]

In Sept 2010, Boko Haram carried outrival its first coordinated attacks, significant in June 2011 and Venerable 2011, Mamman Nur, who habitual training from AQIM and al-Shabab, masterminded the first suicide vehicle-bombings in Nigeria’s history at greatness Federal Police Headquarters and Leagued Nations Headquarters in Abuja.[9] All over 2011 and 2012, Nur’s itinerary coordinated more than 20 felodese attacks in northwestern Nigeria, patch Shekau’s followers launched a guerilla-style insurgency in northeastern Nigeria.

Nur, who lost a power aggressive to succeed Yusuf, likely licit Shekau and his spokesmen tell off claim all attacks.[10]

In 2012, copperplate new militant group formed calculate northwestern Nigeria called Ansaru, which differed from Boko Haram ideologically, tactically, and geographically by shadowing al-Qa`ida’s manhaj (rejecting takfiri dogma and the killing of Muslims), focusing on kidnappings and ambushes like AQIM, and operating apparently exclusively in the Middle Sphere and northwestern Nigeria.

Ansaru favourite the late Muhammed Yusuf, gift was able to attract defectors from Shekau’s faction and vex mid-level recruits from Nigeria.[11]

Ansaru’s administration council (shura) appeared to trait three main networks, two illustrate which were transnational networks.

The labour Ansaru network was the “GSPC network,” which included Nigerians, much as Yusuf’s close associate stream U.S.-designated terrorist, Khalid al-Barnawi, who were GSPC militants but forfeited from AQIM after AQIM succeeded the GSPC in 2007.

They did so in order resume operate independent of AQIM’s conventional oversight and focus on kidnappings and criminal activities in leadership southern Sahel.[12] Al-Barnawi and leftovers in his network carried back one of the GSPC’s near famous attacks on Mauritanian private soldiers at Lemgheity barracks in 2005 with militants such as al-Barnawi’s longtime comrade, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, talented a commander who later married al-Qa`ida’s External Operations Unit kick up a rumpus Pakistan, Yunis al-Mauritani (non-Nigerian Westside Africans who were also confusing in the Lemgheity attack, much as former GSPC recruiter find time for sub-Saharan Africans, the Mauritanian Hamadou al-Kheiry, and Belmokhtar’s relative, righteousness Malian Oumar ould Hamaha, discerning MUJAO at roughly the identical time as Ansaru’s formation guaranteed 2011).[13]

The second Ansaru network was the “AQIM network,” which objective Nigerians who were AQIM militants or were trained and funded by AQIM (or jointly get the gist AQIM and al-Shabab), such primate Mamman Nur and two sustenance Yusuf’s other associates, U.S.-designated anarchist Adam Kambar, who facilitated trainings for Nigerians in Mali elitist was in contact with al-Qa`ida Central in Pakistan (possibly by Yunus al-Mauritani), and suicide vehicle-bombing financier and mastermind Kabiru Sokoto.[14]

The third Ansaru network was magnanimity “Middle Belt network,” which specified mid-level recruits who supported goodness more experienced “GSPC network” distinguished “AQIM network” masterminds and were often aggrieved Nigerian Muslims alien states that experienced Muslim-Christian violence.

2012-2013: GSPC and AQIM Networks Bar with Boko Haram
After grandeur “GSPC network’s” first kidnapping increase in intensity killing of a British fairy story an Italian engineer in Sokoto in March 2012, al-Barnawi reportedly traveled to AQIM and MUJAO-controlled northern Mali.[15] In November 2012, he may have connected let fall his former GSPC comrades, together with MUJAO leaders Hamadou al-Kheiry, who in 2014 pledged bay`a authorization al-Baghdadi, and Oumar ould Hamaha.[16] Al-Barnawi may also have decrease with Belmokhtar, who was reportedly in Gao with some Ansaru militants, and Shekau, who reportedly escaped from Kano, Nigeria calculate northern Mali in 2012 have a word with formed an alliance there become infected with al-Barnawi.[17]

Al-Barnawi and Shekau may be endowed with agreed for Shekau’s faction stop with be responsible for most carryon Yobe and Borno States emphasis Nigeria, while al-Barnawi’s faction, momentous also known as Harakat al-Muhajirin, would operate in northern Cameroun and northern Borno and keep to the logistics routes from Libya through Niger, Chad, and Volcano that supplied Boko Haram moniker Nigeria.[18] Al-Barnawi, like Nur, improbable gave Boko Haram credit watch over his own faction’s raids state military barracks in northern Borno and kidnappings-for-ransoms of dozens inducing Nigerian officials and more mystify 15 foreigners in Cameroon delight in 2013-2014, which funded Boko Haram’s operations.[19] Harakat al-Muhajirin likely likewise featured Shekau look-alikes in promotion videos when the communication hold your fire to Shekau were delayed order cut, such as in excellence split-screen video with the kidnaped seven-member French Moulin-Fournier family grip February 2013 and possibly additionally the May 5, 2014 tape of “Shekau” announcing that let go kidnapped more than 250 schoolgirls in Chibok, Nigeria.[20]

With al-Barnawi casing of Nigeria, Ansaru’s “AQIM network” kidnapped eight foreign engineers ordinary two operations in Katsina point of view Bauchi, ambushed Mali-bound Nigerian command south of Abuja, and flat broke into a prison in Abuja to free Boko Haram staff (another kidnapping and killing celebrate a German engineer in Kano was claimed directly by AQIM and likely coordinated with al-Qa`ida’s External Operations Unit).[21] The “AQIM network” also issued relatively lighten quality propaganda videos and statements claiming these attacks.[22] Yet decency praise of the prison relax in Abuja came in rank prologue of a November 2012 Boko Haram video statement let alone Shekau called “Glad Tidings brave the Soldiers of the Islamic State in Mali,” which was likely filmed in Mali move, based on the syntax, certain by AQIM or MUJAO.

Practise included praise of ISI founders Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Omar al-Baghdadi (al-Baghdadi’s predecessors), and may well have been one of representation first signs of the flourishing merger between Shekau’s faction standing Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and position “AQIM network.”[23] However, Boko Haram only first announced that flaunt “coordinated” an operation with Ansaru remnants when it kidnapped clean French priest in Cameroon terminate November 2013.[24]

Ansaru’s “AQIM network” plausible disbanded as a result round the Nigerian security forces’ break-in on its shura in Kaduna in 2012 and the French-led intervention in northern Mali bay early 2013, which severed representation “AQIM network’s” contacts to MUJAO militants in northern Mali, similarly well as Belmokhtar’s new al-Mourabitun Brigade, which incorporated MUJAO become peaceful Ansaru members.[25] Key Ansaru eminent, such as MUJAO’s Oumar ould Hamaha, and trainers, such introduce AQIM southern command’s Abu Zeid, and their couriers to Boko Haram, such as the African Abdullah Abdullah and Mauritanian Hacene Ould Khalil (alias Jouleibib), were killed.

Belmokhtar reportedly retreated problem Libya, and one of climax main recruiters of Boko Haram members, Beleid Abdel Salam, was captured in Algeria.[26] The “AQIM network’s” isolation likely expedited secure reintegration with Boko Haram prickly northeastern Nigeria, even though different militants, like their former AQIM patrons, may have disagreed snatch Shekau’s takfiri ideology and antiquated reluctant to accept his all-embracing leadership.[27]

Meanwhile, the “Middle Belt network” of Ansaru lost virtually cry out of its connections to AQIM and MUJAO, but continued get tangled carry out attacks in Ansaru’s name on military checkpoints small of Boko Haram’s area look after operations in Jos and Bauchi.

It may also have extended to coordinate kidnappings and fear operations with Harakat al-Muhajirin wear Cameroon and northern Adamawa Shape in Nigeria.[28] Nonetheless, once Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” reintegrated with Boko Haram, glory “Middle Belt network” effectively became the only network using prestige Ansaru name.

2014-2015: Former AQIM Netting Sets Stage for the Boko Haram-Islamic State Merger
The washed out factor that set the fastener for the Boko Haram-Islamic Tidal wave merger was the reintegration try to be like Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” into Boko Haram.

Authority longstanding contacts those two networks maintained with North African earlier AQIM militants who abandoned AQIM in favor of the Islamic State in Syria and Libya may have facilitated the talk that was necessary to create Boko Haram’s merger with decency Islamic State. For example, AQIM-turned-Islamic State member in Syria, Abu Malik Shaybah al-Hamad, who was the main promoter of Boko Haram’s al-Urhwa al-Wutqha Twitter deceive, which Boko Haram launched importance its “official mouthpiece” on Jan 19, 2015 and used generate host Shekau’s bay`a statement presume May 7, featured trailers vacation al-Urhwa al-Wutqha videos on cap own Twitter account before their release on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha.

That suggested al-Hamad had inside bearing about Boko Haram media concentrate on direct connections to Boko Haram’s media producers, who likely habitual media production and social public relations dissemination guidance from the Islamic State. Several Boko Haram videos on al-Urwqa al-Wutqha, for illustration, featured the distinct introductory “tasmiya,” choreography, graphics, lens angles, contemporary special effects of Islamic Tidal wave videos, including those of Brits hostage-turned-Islamic State journalist John Cantlie in Aleppo, Syria and rendering beheading of 21 Egyptian Copts in Libya.[29]

There were other examples of Boko Haram collaboration and the Islamic State on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha that suggested that antecedent Ansaru members were paving position way for Boko Haram’s distant relationship with the Islamic Executive.

A video called “Message unearth a Mujahid,” which took loftiness name of an Islamic Claim video series and referred on hand Boko Haram-controlled territories as honourableness “Islamic State in West Africa,” featured an interview of spruce Boko Haram militant on decency Nigeria-Cameroon border regretting Muslim nonbelligerent deaths, which echoed the report of militants from Ansaru (and possibly also Harakat al-Muhajirin) breach videos and statements in 2012 and 2013.[30]

Other al-Urhwa al-Wutqha videos, including an interview of creative Boko Haram spokesman Abu Musab al-Barnawi (likely a pseudonym undecorated deference to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi), featured the distinct optics spick and span some Ansaru videos from 2012, including men wearing veils, phony office setting, multi-lingual translation, attend to an overall professional media interest group, especially in comparison to Shekau’s videos at that time.

Solvent is possible that the “AQIM faction” of Ansaru that re-integrated with Boko Haram collaborated bend the Islamic State on picture production and used al-Urhwa al-Wutqha in January and February 2015 to create a mass organized media platform in preparation mix Shekau’s bay`a to al-Baghdadi bless March 7, 2015. In that regard, former AQIM members having an important effect affiliated with the Islamic Put down may have provided strategic telecommunications guidance to Boko Haram rainy their comrades in the reintegrated “AQIM network” in a much the same way that they guided Shekau’s first script in 2010 keep from again in Mali in 2012.

While the Islamic State may put on had some of the assign concerns as AQIM had encompass previous years about Shekau’s changeable persona and Boko Haram’s factionalization, the reintegration of the “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” thud Boko Haram’s ranks likely short reassurance to the Islamic Refurbish that Boko Haram had pour to a consensus behind Shekau as the leader.

Moreover, Boko Haram’s announcement on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha of a new “General Command” on February 15, 2015, spell al-Urwha al-Wutqha’s featuring of first-class composed, professional, and more grown up Shekau giving a speech apologetic Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, arm Nigeria on February 27, 2015, likely confirmed to the Islamic State that Shekau was righteousness sole Boko Haram leader service that he could comport living soul in a way consistent make contact with Islamic State propaganda.

This practicable fulfilled one of the conditions from Boko Haram’s side show off the merger with the Islamic State. These requirements were complete in the Islamic State’s on-line magazine, Dabiq 5, in Oct 2014, where it said cruise the announcement of new wilayas (states), including in Nigeria most recent four other locations (Caucasus, Khorasan, Indonesia and Philippines), would facsimile delayed until the Islamic Homeland apppointed a leader who could pledge bay`a and have regular direct line of communication put a stop to al-Baghdadi.

It therefore may plot been the Islamic State routes assistants to al-Urhwa al-Wutqha who finally decided that Shekau was a suitable enough leader nick make the pledge to al-Baghdadi, and they may have proportionate directly with Shekau via illustriousness former Ansaru “AQIM faction.” These Islamic State media assistants subsequently featured Shekau on al-Urhwa al-Wutqha for the first time unease February 27, 2015 (and improve on March 7 for righteousness bay`a), after 40 days own up running al-Urhwa al-Wutqha as Boko Haram’s “official mouthpiece” but, surprisingly, not mentioning Shekau or companionship other leader once during walk timeframe.

Outcomes of the Boko Haram-Islamic State Merger
The Islamic State’s announcement of a “Caliphate” mount its desire to expand have an effect on Africa and promote a spanking “wilaya West Africa” on tie up footing with other wilayas by now announced enabled Boko Haram statement of intent achieve the goal it steady at the time of hang over founding in 2002: the production, or joining, of an Islamic state that was legitimated strong other “pure salafists.” The Islamic State could provide for Boko Haram what al-Qa`ida and spoil affiliates could not, given blue blood the gentry preference of al-Qa`ida’s leadership, that is to say Usama bin Laden, to block state formation in the near-term.

Moreover, while al-Qa`ida Central’s leadership not often showed interest in Boko Haram, or Shekau (although it haw have Mamman Nur), especially associate bin Laden’s death and birth arrest of Yunus al-Mauritani bring Pakistan in 2011, the Islamic State has elevated Shekau’s crown and legitimacy in the pandemic jihadist arena and reaffirmed fulfil role as Boko Haram’s singular leader with respect to further factions in Nigeria and Westside Africa.[31] This is an supplementary reason why Shekau may own been willing to pledge bay`a and subordinate himself to al-Baghdadi in a way that noteworthy never did with al-Qa`ida emperor Ayman al-Zawahiri.

In addition, Shekau’s former rivals who were come by Ansaru’s “GSPC network” and “AQIM network” before reintegrating with Boko Haram may consider Shekau’s bay`a a victory in that call upon the first time since Shekau succeeded Yusuf in 2010, consummate power is under the budge of another leader, which could keep Shekau in check.

Authority re-emergence of Muhammed Yusuf’s (“Yusuf al-Nigeri”) sermons and scripts sight Boko Haram videos on al-Urhwa al-Urhwa could, for example, be at someone's beck as a reminder to Boko Haram that Shekau is once upon a time again not the primary leader.

The timing of the announcement go along with the Boko Haram-Islamic State merging was also likely opportune get something done Boko Haram.

It came enthral a time when Boko Haram was facing setbacks in high-mindedness wake of a large-scale heroic offensive by Nigeria and contiguous countries that was launched quandary February 2015. The offensive studied Boko Haram to abandon territories it had controlled in north Nigeria since mid-2014. In that regard, if Boko Haram task defeated or scatters, the combination could prove to be unadorned setback for Islamic State promotion and its efforts to delineate the Islamic State as “remaining and expanding.”

The Islamic State can, however, hedge against this assume two ways.

First, the Islamic State may encourage Boko Haram to activate its sleeper-cells timely northwestern Nigeria and carry prove a major attack on foreigners that would garner international communication attention, similar to the Islamic State’s attack on Corinthia New zealand pub in Tripoli, Libya, or Belmokhtar’s attack at a night bludgeon in Bamako, Mali on character same day that Shekau spoken for absorbed bay`a to al-Baghdadi on Amble 7.[32] This type of fall upon would overshadow Boko Haram’s struggles on the battlefield.

Second, the Islamic State’s media support to Boko Haram may be preparing Boko Haram for a “retreat” use up Nigeria into areas deeper spiky the Sahel, where various sustaining networks are active.

Boko Haram’s new French language propaganda have al-Urhwa al-Wutqha and the Islamic State’s encouragement of Tuaregs, Toubous, and other West Africans, inclusive of in the diaspora in Continent, to “migrate” to join Boko Haram in “West Africa” would allow Boko Haram to call up youths who are intellectually enthusiastic by the Islamic State superior areas well beyond Nigeria tube the Lake Chad sub-region.

The re-branding of Boko Haram as “wilaya West Africa” and the professionalisation of its media, to protract the taming of Shekau’s a big shot, may allow Boko Haram assortment shed its “Boko Haram” assign, which it always rejected arm considered derogatory.

In addition, magnanimity new “wilaya West Africa” possibly will appeal to a wealthier gargantuan of recruits inspired by prestige notion of a Caliphate, brand opposed to the poor al-majiri boys who, lacking any worthier purpose other than an draw to Shekau’s “small boy-turned-Oga” self-narrative, have joined Boko Haram plainly to pillage.

The former African Chief Justice’s son’s “migration” be determined Syria with his family many weeks before Shekau’s bay`a has already raised concerns about well off and educated people joining position Islamic State and its ontogeny regional affiliates.

Conclusion
Boko Haram’s union with the Islamic State leading Shekau’s pledge to al-Baghdadi impend do not reflect a bark tactical decision to affiliate clatter the Islamic State.

Rather, position signs that Boko Haram would desire a merger of that type to legitimate its long-envisioned Islamic state in Nigeria mistake West Africa were apparent whereas early as Boko Haram’s foundation in 2002. Al-Baghdadi’s declaration receive the Islamic State in June 2014 provided Boko Haram position opportunity to turn this intention into a reality.

Al-Baghdadi’s asseveration was followed by Shekau’s lid statement of “support” for al-Baghdadi in July 2014 and Shekau’s own declaration at that heart of an “Islamic State” calculate northeastern Nigeria. Boko Haram redouble began using the Islamic State’s nasheeds, black flag, black accumulation, and other Islamic State note and choreography in its videos from July 2014 until significance launch of the more restrained relationship with the Islamic Board via al-Urhwa al-Wutqha in Jan 2015.

This suggests that securely if part of Boko Haram’s motivation may have been stick in opportunistic desire for financial be obsessed with other benefits resulting from “supporting” al-Baghdadi, the organization’s history sit evolution suggests that the fusion with the Islamic State was a strategic, calculated, and blanket decision coming from the refrain from of the Boko Haram greater number and communications structure.

Jacob Zenn esteem an analyst of African existing Eurasian Affairs for The Hamlet Foundation in Washington DC boss an expert on countering forceful extremism for think-tanks and ubiquitous organizations in West Africa existing Central Asia.

Mr. Zenn evenhanded the author of “Northern Nigeria’s Boko Haram: The Prize giving al-Qaeda’s Africa Strategy,” which was published by The Jamestown Bottom in 2012, and in Nov 2013 he provided testimony put a stop to the U.S. Congress on “The Continuing Threat of Boko Haram and Ansaru.” He writes wear his capacity as an autonomous expert and his views carry on not engage any of righteousness policies or positions of prevalent institutional clients.

[1] Al-Urhwa al-Wutqha system “Indissoluble Link” in Arabic impressive is named after a Eighties Islamist newspaper in Paris.

Boko Haram and the Islamic Refurbish may have chosen this label because its launch coincided parley the Charlie Hebdo attack. Character account was set up tail the attack, which Shekau constant in a video on Jan 16, 2015.”Jama’at _Ahl_al-Sunnah_lil-Da’wah_wal-Jihad_Pledges_Allegiance_to_Caliph_of_the_Muslims_Abu-Bakr_al-Baghdadi” @urwa_wutqa, March 7, 2015; Abubakar Shekau, Faran Cikin Da Abunda Ya Samu Faransa, YouTube, January 16, 2015.

[2] Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, “So They Slay and Are Slain,” Al-Furqan Establishment for Media Contracts via “Abu-Ali al-Janubi” (@aljanub95), Go by shanks`s pony 12, 2015; “New video dispatch from The Islamic State: Dignity Allegiances Are Coming and description Joys to the Brothers budget Nigeria – Wilāyat al-Furāt”, YouTube, March 16, 2015; “New tv message from The Islamic State: “Pleasure of the Muslims Toy the Bay’ah of Their Brothers in Nigeria – Wilāyat al-Barakah”, archive.org, March 16, 2015.

[3] Patriarch Zenn, “Boko Haram Opens Pristine Fronts in Lagos and Nigeria’s Middle Belt”, Terrorism Monitor, July 25, 2014.

[4] “Tahirin Musilminai” (History of Muslims), YouTube, undated.

[5] “MOHD Nur & Yusuf.3gp,” YouTube, undated; “Mallam Abubakar Shekau,” YouTube, undated.

[6] “Boko Haram Leader, Yusuf, Killed,” Vanguard, July 30, 2009.

[7] “Periodical Review July 2010 – Inept.

2,” ICT’s Jihadi Websites Inspection Group, August 2010; SITE Cudgel, “Boko Haram Representative Solicits Instruction and Assistance on Jihadist Forums,” Insite Blog, December 2012.

[8] “Al-Qa`ida in the Islamic Maghreb: Compassion, Support and Comfort for after everyone else Brothers and People in Nigeria 20/08/09,” www.ansar1.info, February 1, 2010; “Al Kataib Media People closing stages Tawheed in Nigeria 2.mp4,” YouTube, March 12, 2012; “Knights prime Martyrdom 8” Video Dedicated accost Nigerian Muslims, al-Furqan Foundation, Sep 22, 2011.

[9] Jide Ajani, “UN House Blast: Mastermind, Nur, Self-acknowledged Wanted,” Vanguard, September 1, 2011; UN House: Boko Haram Unveils Suicide Bomber,” This Day, Sept 19, 2011; Michael Olugbode, “Boko Haram Claims Killings in Borno,” ThisDayLive, September 22, 2010.

[10] “How Nur, Shekau Run Boko Haram,” Vanguard, September 3, 2011.

[11] “Boko Haram: Splinter Group, Ansaru Emerges,” Vanguard, February 1, 2012.; “Another Islamic Sect Emerges to Slab Boko Haram?” Desert Herald, June 2, 2012;“Boko Haram: Six Glue in Factional Clash,” ThisDayLive, Feb 3, 2012.

[12] William McCants, “How Zawahiri Lost al Qaeda,” Non-native Affairs, November 19, 2013.

[13] “Exclusif…Mort des deux otages occidentaux tués au Nigeria: Une source d’AQMI livre quelques details,” Agence Nouakchott d’Information, March 10, 2012; “Bin Laden Files Show al-Qaida near Taliban Leaders in Close Contact,” Guardian, April 29, 2012; “Taking the Hostage Road,” Africa Covert, March 15, 2013; “Barnawi, Kambar: Qaeda-linked Militants with Boko Haram Ties,” Agence France-Presse, June 21, 2012; Aboul Maaly, “Entretien exclusif avec Khaled Abou Al-Abass, name ‘Belaouar’: ‘L’armée de Ould Abdel Aziz au Mali n’a jamais été un obstacle devant down in the dumps pour arriver à nos objectifs en Mauritanie,’” Agence Nouakchott d’Information, November 9, 2011; “Leader relief Tawhid and Jihad to Alakhbar: ‘Our Movement is an Turning of, and Not a Hole from, al- Qa’ida,” alakhbar.info, Apr 28, 2012; “New Qaeda Diverge Threatens West Africa,” ahram.org.eg, Dec 22, 2011; “Shaykh Yunis,” deep to be Yunis al- Mauritani, appears in one of picture Abbottabad documents, where he keep to referred to as al-Qa`ida’s “official responsible for external work withdraw Africa and west Asia.” Look Harmony Document SOCOM-2012-0000019, page 31.

[14] “Boko Haram Gets Sponsorship superior Algeria, FG Tells Court,” Spearhead, May 10, 2013; Lawan Adamu, “The Untold Story of Kabiru Sokoto,” Daily Trust, February 13, 2012; “Kabiru Sokoto Names Boko Haram’s Leaders,” The Nation, Feb 14, 2012; “Revealed: Wanted Doubt Arrested, Released in 2007,” That Day, September 2, 2011; “Five Nigerians on Terror Charges,” BBC, November 27, 2009; “Exclusive: Boko Haram Targets Julius Berger, Dantata & Sawoe Expatriates,” Premium Days, March 12, 2012; Udumu Kalu, “Al-Qa`ida-Boko Haram Links in Kano Since 2009,” Vanguard, December 24, 2011.

[15] Midat Joseph et al., “Kidnappers – Why We Handle Briton, Italian Hostages,” Leadership, Advance 13, 2012; “Boko Haram Form to Mali,” Africa Confidential, Nov 30, 2012.

[16] Lars Inge Staveland, “New Islamist Group May Subsist Affiliated With Al-Qa`ida,” Aftenposten, Feb 22, 2013; “Dozens of Boko Haram Help Mali’s Rebel Grab Gao,” Agence France-Presse, April 9, 2012; Baba Ahmed, “Leader friendly al-Qaida Unit in Mali Equal terms AQIM,” Associated Press, December 3, 2012; Lemine Ould M.

City, “Portrait. On l’appelle ‘Barbe rousse,’” Telquel, January 17, 2013.

[17] Taiwo Adisa, “Shekau, Boko Haram Head, Escapes Arrest in Kano – Wife Arrested – Security Operatives Probe 2 Top Politicians be felt by Sect’s Funding,” Nigerian Tribune, Tread 5, 2012.

[18] Fulan Nasrallah, “Short Post And Open Thread,” fulansitrep.wordpress.com, October 4, 2014.

[19] Ola Audu, “How Boko Haram Turned about Kidnapping to Raise Funds grip Borno,” Premium Times, May 20, 2013.

[20] For more details uncouth the Moulin-Fournier kidnapping, see department on “Evidence of Ansaru’s Regal in Borno” in Jacob Zenn, “Boko Haram’s Evolving Tactics vital Alliances in Nigeria,” CTC Guard 6:6 (2013): p.

13; Biochemist Zenn, “Boko Haram Leader Abubakar Shekau: Dead, Deposed Or Duplicated?” Militant Leadership Monitor, Volume Entirely, Issue 5, May 2014.

[21] Biochemist Zenn, “Nigerian Hostage Situation Indicates Ties Between North African extract C. Asian Jihadists,” Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, June 27, 2012.

[22] “Declared of Jama`atu Ansaril Muslimina Fibiladis Sudan Garki II Abuja,” Nov 30, 2012.

Aminu Abubakar, “German Hostage Killed in Nigeria Through Rescue Bid,” Agence France-Presse, Haw 31, 2012; Aminu Abubakar, “Nigeria Detains 5 with ‘Al Qaeda-links’ over German Kidnap,” Agence France-Presse, March 27, 2012. “AQIM network” contributed to attacks that be part of the cause the kidnapping of a Nation engineer in Katsina in Nov 2012, who escaped in 2013, an ambush on Mali-bound Nigerien troops south of Abuja be bounded by January 2013, the kidnapping with killing of seven foreign engineers in Bauchi in February 2013, and a prison break ditch freed Boko Haram members weigh down Abuja in November 2012

[23] Abubakar Shekau, “Glad Tidings, O Rank and file of Allah,” November 29, 2012.

Two days after appearing turmoil popular jihadist websites, the record was posted to the Accumulation al-Muslim network website.

[24] “Boko Haram Holding Kidnapped French Priest,” Perspective, November 15, 2013; Guibai Guitama, “Cameroun – Libération du père Georges Vandenbeusch: Le négociateur désigné de Boko Haram réclame lass argent,” L’Oeil du Sahel, Jan 6, 2014.

[25] “Le Mujao revendique le double attentat et promet qu’il y en aura d’autres,” Radio France Internationale, May 24, 2013.

[26} Remi Caravol, “Belmokhtar, high-mindedness Sahelistan Godfather,” Jeune Afrique Jan 15 – 31, 2015; “Judge’s Absence Stalls Trial of Mali-based Boko Haram Suspect,” Premium Age, May 8, 2013; Adam Nossiter, “New Threat in Nigeria kind Militants Split Off,” New Dynasty Times, April 23, 2013; “Algerian court sentences Belmokhtar aide secure eight years in prison,” Ennahar el-Djadid Online, December 30, 2014.

[27] Abu Mundhir al-Shinqiti, “Question-and-Answer check on Abu-al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti: Question Number 7618: Is it Permissible to Gravel a Regime-Sponsored School That Recruits its Students to the Host After They Complete Their Studies?” Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, July 18, 2013; “Mallam Abubakar Shekau,” YouTube, undated; “Abul Qaqa Confession Shows Bloodletting and Fear as Machinery of Control Within Boko Haram,” Sahara Reporters, February 6, 2012.

[28] Fulan Nasrallah, “A Break Divide Of Current Boko Haram/Yusufiyya Factions And Organizational Structure,” fulansitrep.wordpress.com, Oct 10, 2014; “Nigerian military kills Boko Haram commander along Jos-Bauchi road – DHQ,” Premium Ancient, June 21, 2014; “Gunmen summary Bauchi check point, kill suggestion soldier,” Daily Trust, January 18, 2015; “Soldiers kill civilians, tresses village in Bauchi,” Premium Previous, December 18, 2014.

[29] “British notice John Cantlie appears in newborn Isis video,” The Guardian, Feb 9, 2015; Ian Black, “Isis claim of beheading Egyptian Copts in Libya shows group’s spread,” The Guardian, February 15, 2015; “Introduction to wilayah Borno, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, February 22, 2015; Grandeur Harvest of Spies, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, March 2, 2015.

[30] “Innocence avail yourself of the Mujahidin From the Gore of the Innocent Muslims,” Sanam al-Islam Network, May 14, 2013; “Boko Haram Militants Shows Draft Weapons ‘Captured’ From An Gray Barracks,” Sahara TV, April 29, 2013; Message from a Mujahid, al-Urhwa al-Wutqha, January 29, 2015.

[31] Question-and-answer with Abu-al-Mundhir al-Shinqiti; look at not given: “Question Number 7618: “Is it Permissible to Refine a Regime-Sponsored School That Recruits its Students to the Swarm After They Complete Their Studies?”, Minbar al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, July 18, 2013; “Key Al Qaeda peacemaker Younis Al Mauritani captured reap Pakistan”, The National, September 25, 2011.

[32] “IS Fighter in ar-Raqqah Advises Boko Haram to Guide for Attacks Due to treason Pledge,” SITE Intelligence, March 17, 2015.

[33] “Exclusive: Ex-Nigerian Chief Justice’s Son Joins Terrorist Group ISIS,” The Will, March 6, 2015.