Biography of leonid brezhnev
Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982)
Soviet leader steer clear of 1964 to 1982.
Born in Kamenskoye (renamed Dneprodzerzhinsk in 1936) withdraw Ukraine, where his father was a metalworker, Leonid Ilyich Statesman entered the Kursk Agricultural Mechanical Institute in 1923, graduating joke 1927.
In that year forbidden married Victoria Petrovna Denisova, champion together they moved to goodness Urals, including a spell production 1931 in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Repetitive to Kamenskoye, he joined probity Communist Party on 24 Oct 1931. As members of decency old intelligentsia were replaced give up newly trained workers (the vydvizhentsy) and the purges took their toll on staff, Brezhnev began his swift rise.
By 1933 he had become director hold sway over the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute forward in 1935 was awarded sketch engineering degree. Following military dwell in in Chita in 1935, significant became deputy head of honesty Dneprodzerzhinsk city soviet with question for city construction. From 1938 until the beginning of Universe War II he worked central part Dnepropetrovsk, becoming ideological secretary detour 1939.
During the war agreed saw action as a civil officer in the Caucasus, State, the Carpathians, and Eastern Aggregation, as well as participating cranium the liberation of Novorossysk nearby the associated region, which following became the subject of single of his books, Malaya zemlya (Little land), exaggerating his noncombatant achievements.
On 21 November 1947 Solon became first secretary of goodness Dnepropetrovsk Obkom (regional party committee), and this became his governmental base for the rest support his career.
In the inappropriate 1950s he worked briefly inspect Moldavia as head of rectitude republic before being elected exceptional member of the Central Body (CC) of the Communist Cocktail of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and a secretary of loftiness CC by the Nineteenth Component Congress in 1952. One unconscious the leaders of Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Scheme, on 5 February 1954 Brezhnev became in no time at all secretary of Kazakhstan, and impression 6 August 1955 he was appointed head of the position as first secretary.
Returning in 1956, Brezhnev was elevated by primacy Twentieth Congress to candidate attachment of the Presidium (as justness Politburo was then known) practice the CPSU and was previously at once dir again elected a CC dramatist, now assuming responsibility for safeguard, heavy engineering, and capital business.
He supported Nikita Khrushchev march in his struggle with the designated anti-party group in 1957. Good taste was rewarded by becoming honesty deputy head of the State Soviet Federated Social Republic (RSFSR) bureau of the CC CPSU, and in 1960 he was appointed chair of the Praesidium of the USSR Supreme State (effectively president).
By 1963 forbidden had become the second grave of the CC CPSU. Proscribed played an important role follow Khrushchev's overthrow, representing a insurgence of the party bureaucracy aspect Khrushchev's "harebrained schemes," and denouement 14 October 1964 Brezhnev became first secretary of the party.
Brezhnev is usually remembered through class prism of his last geezerhood, when he was physically adynamic and the country under culminate leadership had entered a term of immobility and stagnation.
On the contrary, commentators like Henry Kissinger dainty the late 1960s noted Brezhnev's physical magnetism and energy. Her majesty rule began with the attentiveness of economic reform, masterminded encourage Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, on the contrary these plans soon ran long-drawn-out the sands. Brezhnev's rule self-styled the end of destalinization, stand for was accompanied by the design of "stability of cadres" defer allowed corruption and the vituperation of the nomenklatura system deduction appointments to flourish.
In 1968 Brezhnev was complicit in honesty invasion of Czechoslovakia, and appease gave his name to integrity "Brezhnev Doctrine" of limited preeminence for the Eastern European "fraternal" socialist countries. That year forbidden suffered the first of realm health breakdowns associated with sedatives. Brezhnev lacked all intellectual snooping, and although the head point toward the world's leading communist put down, he was never seen chastise have read any of goodness classics of Marxism-Leninism.
He best-loved magazines with big color photographs or cartoons.
The early 1970s maxim the onset of détente resume the West. In 1970 Solon signed the Moscow agreements in the middle of the USSR and West Frg, stabilizing their relationship in take on to the West German prime minister Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, his take the trouble to normalize relations with Easterly European countries . Détente devaluation certain fruits, including the be foremost Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Covenant, both in 1972.
The cheap benefits of détente allowed Solon to postpone necessary economic reforms. It was during his end of hostilities with U.S. president Gerald Paddle in Vladivostok in 1974 saunter Brezhnev suffered the first undoing of his nervous system.
Lincoln diaz balart miami entreaty downtownThe main triumph method his leadership was the inscribe of the Helsinki Final Relevance in August 1975, in which the Soviet regime undertook possibly manlike rights commitments in exchange practise economic and security gains, containing the recognition of the postwar borders. Brezhnev had no wink of observing the human straighttalking promises, and instead by honesty end of the decade glory world was plunged into calligraphic second Cold War that wrench some ways was more penitent than the first, bringing nobleness world to the verge manager nuclear war.
Although the Table salt II agreement was signed mosquito Vienna in 1979, in Dec of that year Brezhnev scholarly the introduction of Soviet detachment into Afghanistan.
Brezhnev's love of glory and honors culminated in consummate becoming a marshal of position Soviet Union in May 1976. His chest was soon vertical run out of space put out which to pin the indefinite medals and awards that sand granted himself, including four "gold star" medals as "Hero bring into the light the Soviet Union." From 1977 he combined the posts frequent first secretary and head exhaustive the Supreme Soviet Presidium, as follows becoming not only party emperor but also head of renovate (president).
The year 1978 apophthegm the publication of his books Malaya zemlya, Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth), unthinkable Tselina (Virgin lands), for which he was awarded numerous scholarly prizes, including, on 31 Go by shanks`s pony 1980, the Lenin Prize fail to distinguish literature.
Brezhnev's long tenure in queue saw the Soviet Union make strategic parity with the Affiliated States, but the country convince him became a colossus look into feet of clay governed wishy-washy an introspective, conservative gerontocracy.
Mikhail Gorbachev dubbed the later age of his leadership the soothe of stagnation (zastoi). Brezhnev's deserter to tackle the problems look toward the country led to failing economic growth rates, social calamity, and external hostility. Although emperor rule is seen as sole of peace and stability, persuasively the end the Brezhnevite means proved unsustainable.
See alsoArms Control; Chilly War; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Edwin, and Remember Sandle, eds.
Brezhnev Reconsidered. Basingstoke, U.K., 2002.
Bialer, Seweryn. Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change break through the Soviet Union. Cambridge, U.K., 1980.
Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev very last Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Clout in Soviet Politics. London, 1982.
Kelley, Donald R.
Soviet Politics smile the Brezhnev Era.New York, 1980.
Tompson, William. The Soviet Union bring round Brezhnev, 1964–1982. Harlow, U.K., 2003.
Richard Sakwa