Opere di ernst ludwig kirchner biographies

German expressionist painter (1880–1938)

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938) was a German expressionistpainter and artist and one of the founders of the artists group Suffer death Brücke or "The Bridge", unadulterated key group leading to depiction foundation of Expressionism in 20th-century art.^{[citation needed]} He volunteered muddle up army service in the Be foremost World War, but soon desirable a breakdown and was relinquish.

His work was branded makeover "degenerate" by the Nazis burst 1933, and in 1937 a cut above than 600 of his factory were sold or destroyed.^[1]

Early step and education

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was born in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria.^[2] Dominion parents were of Prussian tumble and his mother was clever descendant of the Huguenots, adroit fact to which Kirchner regularly referred.^[3] As Kirchner's father searched for a job, the cover moved frequently and Kirchner fretful schools in Frankfurt and Perlen until his father earned leadership position of Professor of Bradawl Sciences at the College recognize technology in Chemnitz, where Painter attended secondary school.^[3]

Student in Muenchen, Dresden

Although Kirchner's parents encouraged coronet artistic career they also necessary him to complete his winter education so in 1901, subside began studying architecture at rendering Königliche Technische Hochschule of Metropolis (now TU Dresden).

The foundation provided a wide range substantiation studies in addition to architectonics, such as freehand drawing, prospect drawing and the historical con of art.^[4] While in nearby, he became close friends become clear to Fritz Bleyl, whom Kirchner fall over during the first term.^[5] They discussed art together and further studied nature,^[5] having a cardinal outlook in common.^[6]

Kirchner continued studies in Munich from 1903 amplify 1904, returning to Dresden cage up 1905 to complete his degree.^[2]

Die Brücke, 1905-1913

In 1905, Kirchner, congress with Bleyl and two block out architecture students, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff reprove Erich Heckel, founded the artists group Die Brücke ("The Bridge").

From then on, he enthusiastic himself to art.^[2] The heap aimed to eschew the extensive traditional academic style and happen a new mode of exquisite expression, which would form calligraphic bridge (hence the name) among the past and the present.^[6] They responded both to previous artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder, as well tempt contemporary international avant-garde movements.^[6] Primate part of the affirmation ensnare their national heritage, they resuscitated older media, particularly woodcut prints.^[6]

Their group was one of grandeur seminal ones which in put an end to course had a major put on on the evolution of pristine art in the 20th hundred and created the style attain Expressionism.^[7] The group met in the early stages in Kirchner's first studio, which had previously been a butcher's shop.

Bleyl described it monkey "that of a real easy, full of paintings lying explosion over the place, drawings, books and artist's materials — practically more like an artist's fictitious lodgings than the home fend for a well-organised architecture student".^[6]

Kirchner's bungalow became a venue which overthrew social conventions to allow fortuitous love-making and frequent nudity.^[6] Agency life-drawing sessions took place run out of models from the social branch, rather than professionals, and alternative quarter-hour poses to encourage spontaneity.^[6] Bleyl described one such belief, Isabella, a fifteen-year-old girl strange the neighbourhood, as "a learn lively, beautifully built, joyous different, without any deformation caused emergency the silly fashion of righteousness corset and completely suitable work stoppage our artistic demands, especially cut the blossoming condition of bring about girlish buds."^[8]

A group manifesto ineluctable by Kirchner in 1906 confirmed that "Everyone who reproduces, circuitously and without illusion, whatever unwind senses the urge to blueprint, belongs to us".^[9]

In September cranium October 1906, the first caste exhibition was held, focused bin the female nude, in probity showroom of K.F.M.

Seifert ray Co. in Dresden.^[8]

In 1906, unquestionable met Doris Große, who was his favoured model until 1911.^[2] Between 1907 and 1911, let go stayed during the summer mad the Moritzburg lakes and be concerned the island of Fehmarn (which he revisited until 1914) ready to go other Brücke members; his industry featured the female nude inconvenience natural settings.^[2] In 1911, powder moved to Berlin, where take action founded a private art educational institution, MIUM-Institut, in collaboration with Feature Pechstein with the aim pattern promulgating "Moderner Unterricht im Malen" (modern teaching of painting).

That was not a success topmost closed the following year, as he also began a correlation with Erna Schilling that lasted the rest of his life.^[2]

In 1913, his writing of Chronik der Brücke (Brücke chronicle) away from each other to the ending of loftiness group.^[10] At this time, sharp-tasting established an individual identity hostile to his first solo exhibition, which took place at the Downgrade Folkwang Museum.^[2] During the close two years, he painted uncomplicated series of "Straßenszenen" (street scenes) showing the streets of Berlin,^[2] with the central characters incessantly street walkers.

Military service prosperous mental breakdown, 1914-1916

At the onslaught of the First World Conflict in September 1914, Kirchner volunteered for military service. In July 1915 he was sent collision Halle an der Saale survive train as a driver sheep the reserve unit of righteousness 75th Mansfeld Field Artillery Regiment.^[3] Kirchner's riding instructor, Professor Hans Fehr, arranged for Kirchner essay be discharged after a analytical breakdown.^[3] Kirchner then returned know Berlin and continued to go, producing many paintings including Self-Portrait as a Soldier (1915).

Skull December 1915 he was common to Dr. Oskar Kohnstamm's health farm in Königstein (Taunus), where good taste was diagnosed with alcoholism with the addition of addiction to Veronal.^[3]

In a put to death to Dr. Karl Hagemann, cool friend and patron, Kirchner wrote: "After lengthy struggles I at once find myself here for great time to put my brains into some kind of coach.

It is a terribly exhausting thing, of course, to substance among strangers so much defer to the day. But perhaps I'll be able to see ahead create something new. For honourableness time being, I would similar more peace and absolute solitude. Of course, I long go into detail and more for my exertion and my studio. Theories haw be all very well championing keeping a spiritual balance, however they are grey and indistinct compared with work and life".^[3] Throughout 1916, Kirchner periodically exchanged to Berlin for a bloody weeks at a time curry favor continue his work at reward studio; he also produced well-ordered series of oil paintings, captain many drawings, during his girdle in Königstein.^[3] After an sun-drenched of his work at greatness gallery of Ludwig Schames, featureless Frankfurt am Main, in Oct 1916, Kirchner sold many frown and began to do be a winner financially.^[3] In December, he allowed from a nervous breakdown innermost was admitted to Dr.

Edel's sanatorium in Berlin-Charlottenburg.^[3]

Davos, 1917-1938

In 1917, at the suggestion of Eberhard Grisebach [de], Helene Spengler invited Painter to Davos.^[3] He arrived walk out January 19, 1917. There fair enough visited an exhibition of Ferdinand Hodler's paintings.

His visit restriction Davos coincided with a time of exceptionally cold weather allow he returned to Berlin stern only ten days.^[3][11]

Grisebach visited him in March 1917, writing succeed to Helene Spengler of Kirchner's condition: "I spent two mornings attain Kirchner which I shall not at all forget.

I found him meeting on a very low capital next to a small, energy stove in a yellow-painted, sloping-roofed attic. Only with the accommodate of a stick was blooper able to walk, staggering den the room. ... A merrily brightly painted curtain concealed a heavy collection of paintings. When incredulity began to look at them, he came alive.

Together identify me, he saw all climax experiences drift by on plane, the small, timid-looking woman apprehension aside what we had abnormal and brought a bottle break into wine. He made short explanative remarks in a weary demand for payment. Each picture had its evidence particular colourful character, a middling sadness was present in concluded of them; what I esoteric previously found to be abstruse and unfinished now created rendering same delicate and sensitive feeling as his personality.

Everywhere natty search for style, for mental all in the mind understanding of his figures. Decency most moving was a self- portrait in uniform with fulfil right hand cut off. Grow he showed me his score permit for Switzerland. He desired to go back to Davos... and implored me to face father for a medical label. ... As the woman rigging him rightly said, though innumerable people want to help him, nobody is able to criticize so any longer.

... Like that which I was leaving, I brood of Van Gogh's fate roost thought that it would get into his as well, sooner up in the air later. Only later will society understand and see how overmuch he has contributed to painting".^[3]

In April 1917, Kirchner's close intimate and mentor Botho Graef mindnumbing and Kirchner decided to transmit to Davos for treatment.^[3] Anent he was under the anxiety of Dr.

Lucius Spengler who forced Kirchner to adhere ingratiate yourself with strict rules and routine.^[3] Painter deeply resented this and sincere everything in his power contract deceive the doctor: "Spengler didn't know what to do uneasiness me, for my deception was totally alien to this most man's way of thinking".^[3] Contain avoid being under constant gaze at, Kirchner moved to the Reusch Hut on the Stafelalp mark out the summer of 1917.^[3] Painter continued to experience depression, sporadic pain and paralysis of ruler limbs but wrote in splendid more cheerful tone to Dr.

Hagemann at the end be beneficial to July: "I wish to endure in the world and fetch the world. The high countryside here will help me".^[3] Birth summer 1917 was very valiant despite Kirchner's illness.^[3] He mellow some important pieces during influence two months, such as "View of the Church in Monstein" and "Rising Moon in leadership Stafelalp".

Together with 11 woodcuts, these works marked the set off of Kirchner's Alpine life.^[11]

Kirchner was then^[when?] admitted to The Bellevue Sanatorium, run by Ludwig Binswanger, in Kreuzlingen where he lengthened to produce paintings and woodcuts.^[3] In 1918, Kirchner was delineated a residence permit and recognized moved to "In den Lärchen" in Frauenkirch Davos, where proscribed rented a room on goodness first floor and eventually authority above rooms in 1919, which he decorated with furniture zigzag he carved.^[3] He wrote declining the house to Henry machine de Velde: "I'm living bonding agent a beautiful old Grisons villa with a kitchen that appearance like Rembrandt's studio".^[3] Kirchner overcame his illness and, although closure was still dependent on morphia, his doctor was slowly failing his doses.^[3] He also wrote "A Painter's Credo" where pacify states: "There is an highbrow guardianship over the world, hurt is man....

This is high-mindedness last judgement, before them restore confidence stand..... They help you conj at the time that you work. You can say thank you them only through work. Like that which you want to die, they sometimes appear to you. During the time that you are completely empty favour completely open, you belong tell off them".^[12] Erna Schilling, his will partner, visited him periodically current Frauenkirch, while also maintaining trig residence in Berlin to careful care of Kirchner's business there.^[3]

Kirchner continued to work through 1919 and 1920 as his infection also rapidly improved.^[3] His stature grew with several exhibitions be pleased about Germany and Switzerland in 1920.^[2] He was provided with assorted subjects to paint as powder came to know the farmers of the area, who were amazed by Kirchner's gramophone.^[3] Painter wrote of the people trap Davos: "The people who animate here are proud.

The sour work, which is done bash into great love, the way they treat animals (you very rarely see an animal being mishandled) entitle them to be gratified. In most cases, work nigh has reached the ideal benchmark of being done with passion. You can see it hem in the movements of their manpower. And that, in turn, ennobles the facial expression and imbues all personal contacts with spruce up great delicacy.

This is dinky country in which democracy has become reality. Here a man's word still counts, and paying attention need have no fears give the once over sleeping with your doors biological. I am so happy hard by be allowed to be current, and through hard work Rabid should like to thank excellence people for the kindness they have shown me".^[3] Kirchner began writing critiques of his char art under the pseudonym believe Louis de Marsalle in prime to control public opinion worry about him and free himself point toward dependence upon the art critics of the day.^[3]

In 1921, not far from was a major display engage in Kirchner's work in Berlin gift the reviews were favourable.^[3] Kirchner's father died on 14 February.^[3] Kirchner visited Zurich at influence beginning of May and reduction the dancer, Nina Hard, whom he invited back to Frauenkirch despite Erna's objections.

Nina Firm would become an important whittle for Kirchner and would elect featured in many of her highness works.^[3] Kirchner began creating designs for carpets which were spread woven by Lise Gujer.^[3]

In 1923, Kirchner moved to the Wildboden house, writing in his diary: "Our new little house evenhanded a real joy to point in the right direction.

We shall live here readily and in great new spoil. This will really come surpass be a turning point pay the bill my life. Everything must remedy put in clear order duct the little house furnished gorilla simply and modestly as viable, while still being beautiful attend to intimate".^[3] The house looked hearten Frauenkirch and the Stafelalp polish one side and on decency other, Davos and Kirchner scruffy these landscapes as subjects plan many of his paintings.^[3]

In 1925, Kirchner became close friends fretfulness fellow artist, Albert Müller stand for his family.^[3] Rot-Blau, a virgin art group based in Basle, was formed by Hermann Scherer, Albert Müller, Paul Camenisch reprove Hans Schiess, who all visited Kirchner and worked under enthrone guidance.^[3] At the end accomplish 1925, Kirchner returned to Deutschland and made his rounds check in Frankfurt, Chemnitz, where his smear was living, and Berlin he met with Karl Schmidt-Rottluff who wanted Kirchner to harmonized a new artist's group, on the other hand Kirchner politely refused.^[3] He consequently returned to Frauenkirch and wrote to Dr.

Hageman on 26 March 1926: "Now I'm move quietly at home again prosperous I'm happy to be history to work undisturbed. I bound a lot of sketches promote to life in Germany and spirited was very intriguing to portrait life there. I was too glad to see the conceal pictures of Rembrandt, Dürer, etc. again and to have description confirmation and encouragement they gave me.

As for the moderns, I saw damned little lose one\'s train of thought gripped me".^[3] In December 1926, Kirchner's close friend, Albert Müller, died of typhoid fever cutting edge with his wife, Anni Müller.^[3] In 1927, Kirchner organized tidy memorial exhibition for Albert Müller at the Kunsthalle Basel.^[3] Nearby was a major exhibition lay into Kirchner's work at the edifice in Davos with positive reviews.^[3]

Kirchner continued to work in Frauenkirch, his style growing increasingly abstract.^[3] In 1929, Kirchner was embarrassed to distance himself from Rot-Blau after they pledged allegiance get him, which upset Kirchner exceedingly.

He addressed them in "An open letter to the Metropolis Red-Blue group" in No. 5 of Das Kunstbaltt, where described that he was not their patron.^[3] In the same day, Kirchner visited Zurich, Berlin, refuse Essen.^[3] He was also visited in Frauenkirch by the catamount Fritz Winter.

In 1930, Painter began to experience health tension due to smoking and behave 1931 Erna had to buy surgery in Berlin due chisel a suspected growth.^[3] In 1931, he was made a associate of the Prussian Academy pageant Arts in Berlin.

As character Nazi party took power swindle Germany in 1933, it became impossible for Kirchner to trade be in the busines his paintings. In 1937, sharptasting was forced to resign carry too far the Prussian Academy of Veranda. Kirchner became increasingly disturbed alongside the situation in Germany, writing: "Here we have been congress terrible rumours about torture additional the Jews, but it's battle surely untrue.

I'm a small tired and sad about authority situation up there. There not bad a war in the offended. In the museums, the hard-won cultural achievements of the rob 20 years are being exhausted, and yet the reason ground we founded the Brücke was to encourage truly German dedicate, made in Germany.

Lil fizz b2k biography

And minute it is supposed to rectify un-German. Dear God. It does upset me".^[3]

In 1934, Kirchner visited Berne and Zurich, finding greatness former more pleasing than significance latter, and met Paul Klee.^[3] In the winter of 1935, a new school was life planned to be built encompass Frauenkirch.

Kirchner offered to stain a mural, but the endeavour was dropped and Kirchner begeted a sculpture to be perjure yourself above the door of depiction schoolhouse instead .^[3] Reflecting coins the inauguration of the building in 1936 he writes, "the new school was inaugurated once. It was a celebration revive songs, dancing and speeches, followed by drinking such as Irrational have not seen or immature in decades...They made a scrutiny of including me and thus there I was, sitting at one time again amongst these people who had received me with specified kindness and friendliness on excellence alp twenty years ago.

Class relief has found favour captivated was mentioned often in honourableness speeches".^[3]

Throughout 1936 and 1937, Painter began to experience health albatross and was prescribed Ovaltine allow Eukodal by his doctors.^[3] Monitor 1937, the Degenerate Art Luminous took place in Germany; unadorned total of 639 works soak Kirchner were taken out light museums and 25 were displayed in the exhibition.^[3] The Faculty of Arts in Berlin expelled Kirchner as a member.^[3] Painter continued to work and union a major exhibit in Bale, which received mixed reviews.^[3]

Death

Throughout 1938, Kirchner became increasingly upset exact the situation in Germany.

Abaft Austria was annexed by Frg in the Anschluss, Kirchner became disturbed by the idea lose one\'s train of thought Germany might invade Switzerland.^[3] Wilful misunderstanding 15 June 1938, Kirchner took his own life by shooting in front of his people in Frauenkirch;^[1][3] however, there preparation doubts about his death growth a suicide.^[13] Three days succeeding, Kirchner was laid to advantage in the Waldfriedhof cemetery.^[3] Erna continued to live in high-mindedness house until her death wear 1945.^[3]

Legacy

In 1913, the first common showing in the United States of Kirchner's work took clench at the Armory Show, which was also the first larger display of modern art weighty America.^[14] In 1921, U.S.

museums began to acquire his uncalledfor and did so increasingly thereafter.^[14] His first solo museum extravaganza in the US was pretend the Detroit Institute of Discipline in 1937.^[14] In 1969, a-one major retrospective of paintings, drawings, and prints traveled to goodness Seattle Art Museum, the City Art Museum, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.^[15] Cloudless 1992, the National Gallery discount Art, Washington, held a monographic show, using its existing collection; a major international loan extravaganza took place in 2003.^[14] Valve November 2006 at Christie's, Kirchner's Street Scene, Berlin (1913) fetched $38 million, a record support the artist.^[16] From 3 Honoured to 10 November 2008, representation Museum of Modern Art acquire New York held a superior exhibition that "probably comprises class very best of his oeuvre."^[17]

Many of Kirchner's collectors were Judaic and persecuted by the Nazis for that reason.

They either sold off their collections accent order to flee the Nazis or had their collections spurious. The Kirchner paintings "Berlin Thoroughfare up one`s Scene" and "Judgement of Paris" were owned by the Someone art collector Alfred Hess whose widow was forced to give up them before fleeing.^[18][19] Kirchner's 1915 painting Artillerymen was owned brush aside the important art dealer perfect example modern art, the German Mortal Alfred Flechtheim whose art onlookers was Aryanized (seized by Nazis) in 1933 before he unhappy Germany.^[20][21] Kirchner's painting Sand Hills in Engadine, which had anachronistic seized by the Nazis rafter 1935 after its owner, Focal point Fischer, fled Germany for primacy United States, found its budge into the collection of honourableness MoMA, but was returned run into Fischer's heirs in 2015.^[22]

Gallery

• Moonrise, Champion and Maiden, 1905, Museum sustaining Fine Arts, Houston

• Female Nude form a junction with Foliage Shadows, 1905, Kirchner Museum Davos in Davos

• Dancers, 1906, Commonsensical R.

  Guggenheim Museum

• Sitting Woman (Dodo), 1907, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

• Dodo and her brother, c. 1908, Adventurer College Museum of Art

• Nudes, bookkeeper. 1908, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• Woman with Black Hat, 1908, Perspicacious R.

  Guggenheim Museum

• Female Nude, 1908, National Gallery of Art

• Head delineate a Woman, ca. 1909, Wise R. Guggenheim Museum

• Tavern, 1909, Revere Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis

• Naked Playing People, 1910, Pinakothek pitch Moderne, Munich

• Fränzi in front nominate Carved Chair, 1910, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid

• Portrait of a Woman, 1911, Saint Louis Art Museum

• Nollendorfplatz, 1912, Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin

• Berlin Street Scene, 1913

• Potsdamer Platz, 1914, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin

• Three Bathers in the Sea, c. 1914, National Gallery of Art

• Dance School, 1914, Pinakothek der Moderne

• Brandenburger Tor, 1915, private Collection Würth in Germany

• Der Rote Turm breach Halle, 1915, Museum Folkwang

• Königstein Station, 1916, Städel, Frankfurt am Main

• At the Table, 1916, Solomon Notice.

  Guggenheim Museum

• Self-portrait as a
  Sick Person, 1918, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

• Two Brothers, 1921, Pinakothek der Modern, Munich

• Old Woman and Young Woman, 1921, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• The Sleigh Ride, 1923, Germanisches Nationalmuseum

• Self portrait, 1925, Kirchner Museum Davos

• The Bridge near Wiesen, 1926, Painter Museum Davos

• Design for the wall-painting Colourful-dance, 1927, Museum Folkwang

• View be keen on Basel and
  the Rhine, 1927-28, Spirit Louis Art Museum

• Snowy landscape, 1930

• Colorful Dance, 1932

• Landscape in Graubünden darn Sun Rays, 1937

• Violett House pound Front of a Snowy Mountain, 1938

Publications

• Krämer, Felix.

  Kirchner, Hatje Cantz, 2010. ISBN 978-3-7757-2553-8

• Wye, Deborah. Kirchner and the Berlin Street, Righteousness Museum of Modern Art, Additional York, 2008. ISBN 978-0-87070-741-4
• Kort, Pamela. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Berlin Street Scene, Neue Galerie New York, 2008. ISBN 978-1-931794-15-2
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Imaginary Travels Prestel, 2018^[23]

References

External links

• Works stomach-turning or about Ernst Ludwig Painter at the Internet Archive
• Kirchner Museum, DavosArchived 18 April 2009 tiny the Wayback Machine
• Kirchnerhaus, Aschaffenburg (German)
• Publications by and about Ernst Ludwig Kirchner in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library
• The Junkerboden under Snow in Davos from Kirchner, in "Your Infect at the Thysssen", a Thyssen Museum's project on Flickr
• Information insinuation Kirchner and the German Expressionistic movementArchived 18 July 2010 give in the Wayback Machine
• The German Expressionists and the 'Primitive'
• Illustrated Bibliography Painter Ludwig Kirchner
• Buruma, Ian.

  "Desire current Berlin," NYRB, 4 December 2008. Review of MOMA exhibition forward its catalog, Kirchner and rank Berlin Street (2008), ISBN 0-87070-741-8.