Smoljak jan hus biography

Czech theologian and philosopher (c. 1369–1415)

For the films, see Jan Hus (1954 film), Jan Hus (2015 film), and John Hus (1977 film).

Not to be muddled with J Hus.

Jan Hus (; Czech:[ˈjanˈɦus]^ⓘ; c. 1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized whilst John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in chronological texts as Iohannes Hus take aim Johannes Huss, was a Czechtheologian and philosopher who became nifty Church reformer and the afflatus of Hussitism, a key antecedent to Protestantism, and a abecedarian figure in the Bohemian Overhaul.

Hus is considered to pull up the first Church reformer, flat though some designate the hypothecator John Wycliffe.^{[a][2][3][4][5]} His teachings difficult a strong influence, most nowadays in the approval of straighten up reformed Bohemian religious denomination existing, over a century later, steadfastness Martin Luther.

After being enforced as a Catholic priest, Hus began to preach in Prag. He opposed many aspects rigidity the Catholic Church in Bohemia, such as its views consideration ecclesiology, simony, the Eucharist, extort other theological topics. Hus was a master, dean and religious at the Charles University absorb Prague between 1409 and 1410.

Alexander V issued a Ministerial bull that excommunicated Hus; notwithstanding, it was not enforced, take Hus continued to preach. Hus then spoke out against Alexanders V's successor, Antipope John Cardinal, for his selling of indulgences. Hus' excommunication was then necessary, and he spent the after that two years living in banishment.

When the Council of Constance assembled, Hus was asked presage be there and present realm views on the dissension basically the Church. When he dismounted, with a promise of safeguard, he was arrested and deposit in prison. He was long run taken in front of say publicly council and asked to renounce his views. He refused. Keep order 6 July 1415, he was burned at the stake patron heresy against the teachings make acquainted the Catholic Church.

After Hus was executed, the followers practice his religious teachings (known introduce Hussites) refused to elect option Catholic monarch and defeated fivesome consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and ethics Moravian populations remained majority Disciple until the 1620s, when trig Protestant defeat in the Hostility of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of authority Bohemian Crown coming under Royalty dominion for the next Cardinal years and being subject concerning immediate and forced conversion take back an intense campaign of come to Catholicism.

Early life

The precise date of Hus's birth appreciation disputed. Some claim he was born around 1369, while excess claim he was born amidst 1373 and 1375. Though superior sources state the latter, statesman contemporary research states that 1372 is more likely. The dependence that he was born step 6 July, also his fixate day, has no factual reason.

Hus was born in Husinec, southern Bohemia, to peasant parents. It is well known walk Hus took his name depart from the village where he fleeting (Husinec). The reason behind him taking his name from circlet village rather than from circlet father is up to speculation; some believe that it was because Hus did not be versed of his father, while rest 2 say it was simply smashing custom at that time.

Prestige name "Hus," however, means "goose" in Bohemian (now called Czech), and he was a hundred later referenced as a "Bohemian goose" in a dream land-dwelling to Frederick, the Elector elaborate Saxony. Nearly all other gen known about Hus's very prematurely life is unsubstantiated. Similarly, phenomenon know little of Hus's descendants.

His father's name was Michael; his mother's name is strange. It is known that Hus had a brother due contempt him expressing concerns for government nephew while awaiting execution take up Constance. Whether or not Hus had any other family remains unknown.

At the age of bluntly 10, Hus was sent mistreatment to a monastery.

The defined reason is not known; wearying claim that his father confidential died, others say he went there due to his zeal to God. He impressed say publicly teachers with his studies, forward they recommended him to pass on to Prague, one of distinction largest cities in Bohemia improve on that time. Hus apparently thin himself by securing employment count on Prague, which allowed him be fulfill his basic necessities, lecture access to the Prague Library.

Three years later, he was common to the University of Prag.

Though not an exceptional scholar, he pursued his studies engross ferocity. In 1393, Hus justifiable a Bachelor of Arts status at the University of Prag, and he earned his master's degree in 1396. The mightily anti-papal views that were kept by many of the professors there likely influenced Hus's forward-thinking works. During his studies, illegal served as a choir youth, to supplement his earnings.^[22]

Career

Hus began teaching at the Medical centre of Prague in 1398 good turn in 1399, he first for all to see defended propositions of Wycliffe.

Take action was ordained as a Extensive priest in 1400.^[23] In 1401, his students and faculty promoted him to dean of righteousness philosophical department, and a era later, he became a parson of the University of Prag. He was appointed a reverend at the Bethlehem Chapel in good health 1402.

Hus was a tough bristly advocate for the Czechs extremity the Realists, and he was influenced by the writings make acquainted John Wycliffe. Although Church bureaucracy banned many of Wycliffe's expression in 1403, Hus translated Trialogus into Czech and helped fail distribute it.

Hus denounced the true failings of clergy, bishops, abstruse even the papacy from fulfil pulpit.

Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc tolerable this, and even appointed Hus a preacher at the clergy's biennial synod. On 24 June 1405, Pope Innocent VII constrained the Archbishop to counter Wycliffe's teachings, especially the idea dominate impanation in the Eucharist. Magnanimity archbishop complied by issuing graceful synod decree against Wycliffe, because well as forbidding any mint attacks on the clergy.

In 1406, two Bohemian students brought lowly Prague a document bearing ethics seal of the University end Oxford and praising Wycliffe.

Hus proudly read the document exaggerate his pulpit. Then, in 1408, Pope Gregory XII warned Archbishop Zajic that the Church wellheeled Rome had been informed own up Wycliffe's heresies and of greatness sympathies of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia for nonconformists. Sheep response, the king and campus ordered all of Wycliffe's facts surrendered to the archdiocesan court for correction.

Hus obeyed, advertising that he condemned the errors in those writings.

Papal Schism

In 1408, the Charles University in Praha was divided by the Relationship Schism, in which Gregory Cardinal in Rome and Benedict 11 in Avignon both claimed righteousness papacy. Wenceslaus felt Gregory Cardinal might interfere with his instrumentation to be crowned Holy Romanist Emperor.

He denounced Gregory, tidy the clergy in Bohemia squeeze observe a strict neutrality spontaneous the schism and said guarantee he expected the same break into the university. Archbishop Zajíc remained faithful to Gregory. At rectitude University, only the scholars chuck out the Bohemian "nation" (one interrupt the four governing sections), disagree with Hus as their leader, vowed neutrality.

Kutná Hora Decree

Further information: Regulation of Kutná Hora

In January 1409, Wenceslaus summoned representatives of illustriousness four nations comprising the college to the Czech city lady Kutná Hora to demand statements of allegiance.

The Czech practice agreed, but the other threesome nations declined. The king mistreatment decreed that the Czech start on would have three votes fashionable university affairs, while the "German nation" (composed of the pester Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish nations) would have one vote put in total. Due to the distress in voting structure by Can 1409 the German dean cranium rector were deposed and replaced by Czechs.

The Palatine Chooser called the Germans to king own University of Heidelberg, behaviour the Margrave of Meissen under way a new university in Metropolis. It is estimated that throw one thousand students and poet left Prague. The emigrants too spread accusations of Bohemian heresy.

Antipope Alexander V

In 1409, the Conference of Pisa tried to espouse the schism by electing Conqueror V as Pope, but Saint and Benedict did not flow.

(Alexander was declared an "antipope" by the Council of Constance in 1418.) Hus, his rooms, and Wenceslaus IV transferred their allegiance to Alexander V. Botched job pressure from King Wenceslaus IV, Archbishop Zajíc did the duplicate. Zajíc then lodged an complaint of "ecclesiastical disturbances" against Wycliffites in Prague with Alexander Properly.

On 20 December 1409, Conqueror V issued a papal samson that empowered the Archbishop take upon yourself proceed against Wycliffism in Praha. All copies of Wycliffe's propaganda were to be surrendered reprove his views repudiated, and comfortable preaching discontinued. After the put out of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed to Alexander Altogether, but in vain.

The Wickliffe books and valuable manuscripts were burned, and Hus and adherents were excommunicated by Conqueror V.

Crusade against Naples

Alexander Overwhelmingly died in 1410, and was succeeded by John XXIII (also later declared an antipope). Rafter 1411, John XXIII proclaimed splendid crusade against King Ladislaus produce Naples, the protector of emulator Pope Gregory XII.

This campaign was preached in Prague trade in well. John XXIII also legitimate indulgences to raise money champion the war. Priests urged significance people on, and they thronged into churches to give their offerings. This traffic in indulgences was a sign of dignity corruption of the Church lacking remediation.^[34]

Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade

Archbishop Zajíc died in 1411 extract with his death the celestial movement in Bohemia entered straight new phase during which high-mindedness disputes concerning indulgences assumed large importance.

Hus spoke out aspect indulgences, but he could distant carry with him the soldiers of the university. In 1412, a dispute took place, invective which occasion Hus delivered queen address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. It was busy literally from the last leaf of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De absolutione a pena et culpa.

Hus asserted that no pope survey bishop had the right line of attack take up the sword put into operation the name of the Church; he should pray for reward enemies and bless those who curse him; man obtains acquittal of sins by true penitence, not money. The doctors nominate the theological faculty replied, on the other hand without success.

A few epoch afterward some of Hus people led by Vok Voksa savoury Valdštejna, burned the Papal livestock. Hus, they said, should fleece obeyed rather than the Religous entity, which they considered a crooked mob of adulterers and Simonists.

In response, three men from position lower classes who openly styled the indulgences a fraud were beheaded.

They were later wise the first martyrs of dignity Hussite Church. In the temporary, the faculty had condemned goodness forty-five articles of Wycliffe careful added several other theses, accounted heretical, which had originated right Hus. The king forbade loftiness teaching of these articles nevertheless neither Hus nor the practice complied with the ruling.

They requested that the articles obligation be first proven to substance un-scriptural. The tumults at Prag had stirred up a feeling. Papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus interest give up his opposition come to the papal bulls and class king made an unsuccessful undertake to reconcile the two parties.^[36]

Attempts at reconciliation

King Wenceslaus IV required efforts to harmonize the opposite parties.

In 1412, he convoked the heads of his society for a consultation and, take into account their suggestion, ordered a putting together to be held at Český Brod on 2 February 1412. The synod was instead reserved in the palace of representation archbishops at Prague in prime to exclude Hus from tell. Propositions were made to merit peace in the Church.

Hus declared that Bohemia should hold the same freedom in note to ecclesiastical affairs as alternative countries and that approbation take up condemnation should therefore be declared only with the permission chuck out the state power. This was the view of Wycliffe (Sermones, iii. 519, etc.).

There followed treatises from both parties, on the other hand no harmony was obtained.

"Even if I should stand once the stake which has back number prepared for me," Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation chide the theological faculty." The convocation did not produce any penurious but the king ordered organized commission to continue the occupation of reconciliation. The doctors prepare the university demanded Hus dispatch his followers approve the university's conception of the Church.

According to this conception, the holy father is the head of class Church and the Cardinals desire the body of the Cathedral. Hus protested vigorously. The Disciple party seems to have beholden a great effort toward propitiation. To the article that picture Roman Church must be obeyed, they added only "so distance off as every pious Christian testing bound".

Stanislav ze Znojma leading Štěpán Páleč protested against that addition and left the convention; they were exiled by leadership king, with two others.^{[citation needed]}

Hus leaves Prague and appeals promote to Jesus Christ

By this time, Hus's ideas had become widely force in Bohemia and there was broad resentment against the Creed hierarchy.

The attack on Hus by the pope and archbishop caused riots in parts infer Bohemia. King Wenceslaus IV settle down his government took the broadside of Hus and the trounce of his adherents increased give birth to day to day. Hus drawn-out to preach in the Town Chapel. The churches of greatness city were put under position ban, and an interdict was pronounced against Prague.

To defend the city, Hus left snowball went into the countryside disc he continued to preach with the addition of write.

Before Hus left Prague, sand decided to take a move which gave a new amplitude to his endeavors. He needed to become a preacher sit then taught at the academy he studied at before. Without fear no longer put his safekeeping in an indecisive king, undiluted hostile pope or an vain council.

On 18 October 1412, he appealed to Jesus The creator as the supreme judge.^[39] Vulgar appealing directly to the upper Christian authority, Christ himself, crystal-clear bypassed the laws and structures of the medieval Church. Imply the Bohemian Reformation, this system was as significant as excellence Ninety-five Theses posted in Wittenberg by Martin Luther in 1517.

After Hus left Prague beseech the country, he realized what a gulf there was halfway university education and theological theory and the life of amateur country priests and the laymen entrusted to their care. So he started to write distinct texts in Czech, such though basics of the Christian devotion or preachings, intended mainly insinuation the priests whose knowledge have a high regard for Latin was poor.

Writings of Hus and Wycliffe

Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those comprehensive Hus on the Church, special allowed De Ecclesia, were written terminate 1413 and have been accumulate frequently quoted and admired foregoing criticized, yet their first gust chapters are an epitome depose Wycliffe's work of the identical title and the following chapters are an abstract of on of Wycliffe's works (De emperor papae) on the power admire the pope.

Wycliffe had doomed his book to oppose probity common position that the Cathedral consisted primarily of the sacred calling, and Hus now found yourselves making the same point. Dirt wrote his work at leadership castle of one of tiara protectors in Kozí Hrádek stall sent it to Prague whirl location it was publicly read slope the Bethlehem Chapel.

It was answered by Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán z Pálče (also Štěpán Páleč) with treatises ship the same title.^{[citation needed]}

After illustriousness most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his first occupied the whole ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek. Bohemian Wycliffism was in into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, gleam Austria.

But in January 1413, a general council in Havoc condemned the writings of Wyclif and ordered them to suitably burned.^{[citation needed]}

Council of Constance

King Wenceslaus's brother Sigismund of Hungary, who was "King of the Romans" (that is, head of interpretation Holy Roman Empire though cry then Emperor) and heir promote to the Bohemian crown, was troubled to put an end fulfil religious dissension within the Communion.

To put an end break into the papal schism and simulate take up the long-desired trade of the Church, he frozen for a general council carry out convene on 1 November 1414, at Konstanz (Constance). The Assembly of Constance (1414–1418) became distinction 16th ecumenical council recognized preschooler the Catholic Church.

Hus, sociable to make an end know all dissensions, agreed to reject to Constance, under Sigismund's pledge of safe-conduct.

Imprisonment and preparations guard trial

It is not known willy-nilly Hus knew what his lot would be, however, he completed his will before setting catch sight of. He started on his crossing on 11 October 1414, inward in Constance on 3 Nov 1414.

The following day, glory bulletins on the church doors announced that Michal z Německého Brodu (Michal de Causis) would be opposing Hus. In authority beginning, Hus was at freedom under his safe-conduct from Sigismund and lived at the household of a widow. But why not? continued celebrating mass and reprimand to the people, in desecration of restrictions decreed by class Church.

After a few weeks on 28 November 1414, emperor opponents succeeded in imprisoning him on the strength of clever rumor that he intended endure flee. He was first bow down into the residence of capital canon and then on 6 December 1414 into the dungeon of the Dominican monastery. Sigismund, as the guarantor of Hus's safety, was greatly angered roost threatened the prelates with eradication.

The prelates convinced him stroll he could not be fast by promises to a heretic.

On 4 December 1414, John Twenty-three entrusted a committee of duo bishops with a preliminary interrogation against Hus. As was popular practice, witnesses for the litigation were heard but Hus was not allowed an advocate untainted his defense.

His situation became worse after the downfall living example John XXIII, who had heraldry sinister Constance to avoid abdicating. Hus had been the captive funding John XXIII and in rock-solid communication with his friends, however now he was delivered differentiate the bishop of Constance beginning brought to his castle, Gottlieben on the Rhine.

Here purify remained for 73 days, unconnected from his friends, chained cause a rift and night, poorly fed, put forward ill.

Trial

On 5 June 1415, he was tried for high-mindedness first time and was transferred to a Franciscan monastery, place he spent the last weeks of his life. Extracts superior his works were read give orders to witnesses were heard.

He refused all formulae of submission on the contrary declared himself willing to pull out if his errors should fleece proven to him from honourableness Bible. Hus conceded his deference of Wycliffe and said dump he could only wish fillet soul might some time figure out unto that place where Wycliffe's was. On the other help, he denied having defended Wycliffe's view of The Lord's Lunch or the forty-five articles; dirt had only opposed their compendium condemnation.

King Sigismund admonished him to deliver himself up function the mercy of the conference, as he did not require to protect a heretic.

At blue blood the gentry last trial, on 8 June 1415, thirty-nine sentences were distil to him. Of these, 26 had been excerpted from her majesty book on the Church (De ecclesia), seven from his essay against Páleč (Contra Palecz), enjoin six from that against Stanislav ze Znojma (Contra Stanislaum).

Grandeur danger of some of these views to worldly power was explained to Sigismund to work up him against Hus. Hus once more also declared himself willing to put forward if he could be sure of errors. This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, be first he was asked to confess: 1. That he had implicit in the theses which smartness had hitherto maintained; 2.

Prowl he renounced them for influence future; 3. That he recanted them; and 4. That oversight declared the opposite of these sentences.

He asked to produce exempted from recanting teachings which he had never taught. Overturn views, which the assembly believed erroneous, he was not accommodate to revoke and to genuine differently would be against tiara conscience.

These words found negation favorable reception. After the nuisance on 8 June, several concerning attempts were purportedly made get on the right side of induce him to recant, which he resisted.

Condemnation

The condemnation of Jan Hus took place on 6 July 1415 in the rise of the assembly of distinction council in the cathedral.

Subsequently the High Mass and Mystery, Hus was led into leadership church. The Bishop of Lodi (then Giacomo Balardi Arrigoni) bountiful an oration on the difficult to manoeuvre of eradicating heresy; various theses of Hus and Wycliffe dispatch a report of his nuisance were then read.

An Romance prelate pronounced the sentence reveal condemnation upon Hus and realm writings.

Hus protested, saying become absent-minded even at this hour sand did not wish anything on the other hand to be convinced from Scripture.^{[citation needed]} He fell upon coronet knees and asked God mess up a soft voice to amnesty all his enemies.^{[citation needed]} Fortify followed his degradation from class priesthood.

He was dressed delight in priestly vestments and again on one\'s own initiative to recant and again noteworthy refused. With curses, Hus's frippery were taken from him, realm priestly tonsure was destroyed. High-mindedness judgment of the Church was pronounced:

This holy synod late Constance, seeing that God’s religion has nothing more that security can do, relinquishes John Hus to the judgment of primacy secular authority and decrees stray he is to be to the secular court.

— Council work at Constance, Session 15 – 6 July 1415^[46]

A tall paper excel was allegedly put upon reward head with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (i.e., the leader of elegant heretical movement).^[47] Hus was replete away to the stake gain somebody's support a strong guard of accoutred men.^[48]

Before his execution, Hus survey said to have declared, "You may kill a weak potter about [Hus is Czech for "goose"], but more powerful birds, eagles and falcons, will come care for me."^{[citation needed]}Luther modified the list and reported that Hus confidential said that they might possess roasted a goose, but walk in a hundred years well-ordered swan would sing to whom they be forced to hearken.

In 1546, in his entombment sermon for Luther, Johannes Bugenhagen gave a further twist near Hus's declaration: "You may course a goose, but in straighten up hundred years will come unadorned swan you will not adjust able to burn." Twenty days later, in 1566, Johannes Mathesius, Luther's first biographer, found Hus's prophecy to be evidence describe Luther's divine inspiration.^[49]

Execution

At the point of execution, he knelt seam, spread out his hands settle down prayed aloud.

The executioner unappareled Hus and tied his workers behind his back with union. His neck was bound add a chain to a gamble around which wood and spread had been piled up straight-faced that it covered him contempt the neck.

Vitus commendation biography summary of 100

At one\'s fingertips the last moment, the queenlike marshal, von Pappenheim, in position presence of the Count Magnificent, asked Hus to recant stomach thus save his own courage. Hus declined, stating:

God survey my witness that the eccentric charged against me I conditions preached. In the same story of the Gospel which Berserk have written, taught, and preached, drawing upon the sayings contemporary positions of the holy doctors, I am ready to lose one's life today.

Anecdotally, it has been vocal that the executioners had cause offense intensifying the fire.

An stay on the line woman then came to depiction stake and threw a somewhat small amount of brushwood bejewel it. Upon seeing her burglarise, a suffering Hus then exclaimed, "O Sancta Simplicitas!" ("O wretched simplicity!"). It is said drift when he was about be required to expire, he cried out, "Christ, son of the Living Maker, have mercy on us!" (a variant of the Jesus Prayer).

Hus's ashes were later frightened into the Rhine river owing to a means of preventing say publicly veneration of his remains.

Aftermath

Bohemian Protest

As news of Hus's demise spread outrage was brewing spread the local nobles and doctors.^[50] On 2 September 1415, smart document now called the Unconforming Protest was signed with like attached wax seals by Centred notable people from Bohemia prosperous Moravia in protest of Jan Hus's burning.

There is remainder that four documents of that kind were made in completion, however only this one practical known to survive and appreciation currently held at the Establishment of Edinburgh.^[51] The statement middle reads that "Master John Hus was a good, just existing catholic man" that "consistently disliked all error and heresies" deed that anyone that believed ditch heresy was arising within Bohemia or Moravia to be "the worst of traitors".^[50]

Hussite Wars

Main article: Hussite Wars

Responding with horror set about the execution of Hus, magnanimity people of Bohemia moved smooth more rapidly away from Apostolical teachings.

Rome then pronounced unmixed crusade against them (1 Hike 1420): Pope Martin V fly at a Papal bull authorizing distinction execution of all supporters indifference Hus and Wycliffe. King Wenceslaus IV died in August 1419, and his brother, Sigismund retard Hungary, was unable to fix a real government in Bohemia due to the Hussite revolt.

The Hussite community included most ransack the Czech population of nobility Kingdom of Bohemia.

Under depiction leadership of Jan Žižka (c. 1360–1424) and later of Prokop the Great (c. 1380–1434)—both preeminent commanders—the Hussites defeated the adventure and the other three crusades that followed (1419–1434). Fighting in tears after a compromise between class Utraquist Hussites and the Massive Council of Basel in 1436. It resulted in the Metropolis Compacts, in which the Wide Church officially allowed Bohemia decimate practice its own version promote to Christianity (Hussitism).

A century posterior as much as ninety percentage of the inhabitants of rendering Czech Crown lands still followed Hussite teachings.

Hus's scholarship present-day teachings

Hus left reformatory writings. Subside translated Wycliffe's Trialogus and was very familiar with his scrunch up on the body of The supreme being, the Church, and the intensity of the pope, as plight as and especially with rulership sermons.

There are reasons envision suppose that Wycliffe's view elect the Lord's Supper (consubstantiation in or by comparison than transubstantiation) had spread squalid Prague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that course group returning from England had floor the work back with them. It gained an even open up circulation after it had anachronistic prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it.

Honourableness view was seized eagerly in and out of the Taborites, who made middleoftheroad the central point of their system. According to their album, the Church is not dignity clerical hierarchy that was as is usual accepted as 'the Church'; description Church is the entire entity of those who from inity have been predestined for Christ, not the pope, anticipation its head.

It is negation article of faith that twofold must obey the pope appoint be saved. Neither internal attachment in the Church nor stenographic offices and dignities are capital surety that the persons imprisoned question are members of leadership true Church.

Hus's efforts were designed to rid the Cathedral of its ethical abuses.

Grandeur seeds of the Reformation have a go at clear in Hus's and Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the engage of the average Christian pulsate Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for confession, for Mass, help out the sacrament, for indulgences, make a choice churching a woman, for trim blessing, for burials, for burying services and prayers.

The very much last penny which an a range of woman has hidden in wise bundle for fear of thieves or robbery will not do an impression of saved. The villainous priest prerogative grab it." After Hus's humanity, his followers, known as Hussites, split off into several associations including the Utraquists, Taborites obtain Orphans.

Apology of the All-inclusive Church

Nearly six centuries later be thankful for 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for glory cruel death inflicted" on Hus and added "deep sorrow" annoyed Hus's death and praised consummate "moral courage".^[55] Cardinal Miloslav Vlk of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Disagreeable II's statement.^[55] Members of illustriousness Moravian Church believe that spirited remains for God to handy those who were involved unappealing the death of Hus.

Hus and the Czech language

The productions of Jan Hus incorporate reforms to medieval Czech orthography, with the "hook" (háček) diacritic which was used to form high-mindedness graphemes⟨č⟩, ⟨ě⟩, ⟨š⟩, ⟨ř⟩ scold ⟨ž⟩, which replaced digraphs on the topic of ⟨cz⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨sch⟩, ⟨rz⟩ topmost ⟨zs⟩; the "dot" above writing book for strong accent,^{[clarification needed]} owing to well as the acute emphasis to mark long vowels ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ó⟩, and ⟨ú⟩, in order to represent initiate phoneme by a single figure.

Some sources mention documented term of the special symbols mull it over Bible translations (1462), the Schaffhausen Bible, and handwritten notes block the Bible. The symbol ⟨ů⟩ (instead of ⟨uo⟩) came consequent. The book Orthographia Bohemica (1406) was attributed to Hus do without František Palacký, but it decline possible that it was compiled by another author from River University.

Legacy

A century after blue blood the gentry Hussite Wars began, as various as 90% of inhabitants succeed the Czech lands were Hussites (although in the Utraquist ritual following a joint Utraquist—Catholic bring down in the Hussite Wars).Bohemia was the site of one near the most significant pre-reformation movements,^[57] and there are still Dissenter adherents remaining in modern times;^[58][59] though they no longer enclose the majority: suggested historical causes include the persecution of Protestants by the CatholicHabsburgs,^[60] particularly name the Battle of White Accumulate in 1620; restrictions during leadership Communist rule; and also birth ongoing secularization.^[57] Modern Czechs reveal very high distrust of celestial and other institutions.^[61]: 27

Jan Hus was a key contributor to Christianity, whose teachings had a pungent influence on the states bazaar Europe and on Martin Theologian.

The Hussite Wars resulted replace the Basel Compacts, which permissible for a reformed Church be glad about the Kingdom of Bohemia—almost smashing century before such developments would take place in the Disciple Reformation. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) is the recent home of Hus's followers.^[63] Hus's extensive writings earned him boss prominent place in Czech intellectual history.

In 1883 the European composer Antonín Dvořák composed empress Hussite Overture based on melodies used by Hussite soldiers. Accompany was often performed by ethics German conductor Hans von Bülow.

Professor Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk spineless Hus's name in his articulation at Geneva University on 6 July 1915, for defense clashing Austria and in July 1917 for the title of influence first corps of troops nucleus his legions in Russia.^[64]

Today, prestige Jan Hus Memorial is placed at the Prague Old Municipal Square (Czech: Staroměstské náměstí), most recent there are many smaller memorials in other towns throughout influence Czech Republic.

In New Royalty City, a church in Borough (located at 153 Ocean Avenue) and a church and efficient theatre in Manhattan (located crisis 351 East 74th Street) designing named for Hus, the Toilet Hus Moravian Church and dignity Jan Hus Playhouse, respectively. Even though Manhattan's church and theatre intonation a single building and manipulation, the playhouse's productions are most often nonreligious or nondenominational.

A act of Jan Hus was erected at the Union Cemetery decline Bohemia, New York (on Pay out Island) by Czech immigrants set a limit the New York area corner 1893.

In contrast to representation popular perception that Hus was a proto-Protestant, some Eastern Approved Christians have argued that her highness theology was far closer pick up Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Jan Hus is considered a martyr fear in some jurisdictions of magnanimity Orthodox Church.^[65] The Czechoslovak Disciple Church claims to trace cast down origin to Hus, to remark "neo-Hussite", and contains mixed Asian Orthodox and Protestant elements. At the moment, he is considered a spirit by the Orthodox churches pay money for Greece, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, and diverse others.^[66]

Hus was voted the farthest hero of the Czech land in a 2015 survey chunk Czech Radio.^[67]

In popular culture

Hus appears in the Mezi proudy threesome by writer Alois Jirásek.

Jan Hus is a major intuition of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. Without fear is played by Zdeněk Štěpánek in the 1954 film Jan Hus.

Jan Hus is played outdo Rod Colbin in the 1977 American film John Hus.

Jan Hus is a major shepherd in the stage play České nebe.

The Czech television disc Jan Hus was released hassle 2015.

It starred Matěj Hádek.

Jan Hus is mentioned different times in the 2018 record game Kingdom Come Deliverance

Hus appears in the 2022 film Medieval played by Viktor Krištof.

The lives of Hus and Petr Chelčický are the subject slant the 2014 Hus a Chelčický book for older children, destined and illustrated by Renáta Fučíková.

The book won the Company of Czech Graphic Artists HOLLAR award for its illustrations.^[68]

Holidays ceremony Hus

Famous followers of Jan Hus

Gallery

• Portrait of Jan Hus, 16th century

• Painting of Jan Hus at rank Council of Constance by Václav Brožík (1883)

• Preparing the execution fair-haired Jan Hus

• Alphonse Mucha: Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Town Chapel: Truth prevails, 1916; potential of the 20-painting work, The Slav Epic

• Bethlehem Chapel (exterior) clod Prague

• Bethlehem Chapel (interior) in Prague

• Medallion portrait of Jan Hus

• Preparing ruse burn Jan Hus at righteousness stake

• Medallion of Jan Hus, rise his portrait and execution

• Profile remind Jan Hus on the Giordano Bruno Statue

Works

• Iohannes Hus.

  Postilla adumbrata, ed. G. Silagi (Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 261), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (ISBN 978-2-503-55275-0)

• De Ecclesia. The Creed, Jan Hus; David S. Schaff, translator, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915.
• Letters of John Hus Written During His Exile stake Imprisonment, Jan Hus; Campbell River, translator, Edinburgh, William Whyte & co., 1846
• The letters of Can Hus, Jan Hus; Herbert Shamefaced.

  Workman; R. Martin Pope, Author, Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.

• The Hand of John Hus, Jan Hus; Matthew Spinka, translator.
• The Letters be fond of John Hus

See also

Notes

References

Citations