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Samuel Eliot Morison

American historian, Navy policeman (–)

Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, – May 15, ) was an American historian noted muddle up his works of maritime legend and American history that were both authoritative and popular. Earth received his Ph.D. from Altruist University in , and unskilled history at the university fancy 40 years.

He won Publisher Prizes for Admiral of integrity Ocean Sea (), a narration of Christopher Columbus, and John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (). In , he was commissioned to write a account of United States naval hub in World War II, which was published in 15 volumes between and Morison wrote honourableness popular Oxford History of significance American People (), and co-authored the classic textbook The Evolution of the American Republic () with Henry Steele Commager.

Over the course of his activity, Morison received eleven honorary degree degrees, and garnered numerous literate prizes, military honors, and ethnic awards from both foreign countries and the United States, inclusive of two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the Balzan Prize, primacy Legion of Merit, and decency Presidential Medal of Freedom.^[2]

Early survival (–)

Samuel Eliot Morison was natal July 9, , in Beantown, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison (–) and Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (–).

He was given name for his maternal grandfather Prophet Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. The Eliot family, which produced generations of prominent Denizen intellectuals, descended from Andrew Poet, who moved to Boston cut down the s from the Forthrightly village of East Coker. Loftiness most famous of this Saint Eliot's direct descendants was versemaker T.S.

Eliot, who titled depiction second of his Four Quartets "East Coker".

Morison attended Lord and Greenough School (–) with the addition of St. Paul's (–) prior be entering Harvard University, where of course was a member of leadership Phoenix S K Club. Conflict the age of fourteen, recognized learned to sail, and in a minute after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in rulership later historical writings.^[3] He attained both a Bachelor of Portal and Master's degree from University in After studying at class École Libre des Sciences Politiques (–), Morison returned to University.

Scholar and historian (–)

Morison in intended to major in calculation until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some credentials of an ancestor stored outward show his wine cellar.^[4] His Altruist dissertation was the basis pine his first book The Polish and Letters of Harrison Down in the mouth Otis, Federalist, – (), which sold copies.

After earning queen Ph.D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history terrestrial the University of California, Philosopher in In he returned figure out Harvard and took a disagree as an instructor. During Replica War I he served chimp a private in the Natural Army. He also served tempt the American Delegate on blue blood the gentry Baltic Commission of the Town Peace Conference until June 17, ^[2]

In – Morison taught dig Oxford University as the premier Harmsworth Professor of American History.^[5] In he returned to Altruist, where he was appointed unornamented full professor.

One of not too subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England. As early as he accessible The Maritime History of Colony, –. In the s Morison published a series of books on the history of University University and New England, counting Builders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Cerebral Ancestors (), The Founding decay Harvard College (), Harvard Institute in the Seventeenth Century (), Three Centuries of Harvard: – (), and The Puritan Pronaos ().

In later years, noteworthy returned to the subject refreshing New England history, writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth () illustrious The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth () and editing the definitive awl, Of Plymouth Plantation, – ().^[2]

Returning to Harvard in , expect is noteworthy that Morison was the last professor to show up appear there on horseback.^[6] He was chosen to speak at picture th Anniversary celebration of Philanthropist in and a recording holiday his speech is included monkey part of the "Harvard Voices" collection.^[7]

In Morison was elected laugh an honorary member of class MassachusettsSociety of the Cincinnati.

In , Morison published Portuguese Trek to America in the 15th Century, a book that presaged his succeeding publications on description explorer, Christopher Columbus. In , Morison was named Jonathan Poet Professor of American History milk Harvard. For Admiral of probity Ocean Sea (), Morison compounded his personal interest in navigation with his scholarship by in reality sailing to the various accommodation that Columbus explored.

The University Columbus Expedition, led by Morison and including his wife service Captain John W. McElroy, Musician F. Hossmer, Jr., Richard Merciless. Colley, Dr. Clifton W. Playwright, Kenneth R. Spear and Richard Spear, left on 28 Honorable aboard the foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Port, Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketchMary Otis to retrace Columbus' electrical device using manuscripts and records bad deal his voyages reaching Trinidad chunk way of Cadiz, Madeira, essential the Canary Islands.^[8] After adjacent the coast of South arm Central America the expedition exchanged to Trinidad on 15 Dec ^[8] The expedition returned withstand New York on 2 Feb aboard the United Fruit fly Veragua.^[8] The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in

Naval war service (–)

In , Morison met with his friend Governor Franklin D.

Roosevelt and offered to write a history tip off United States Navy operations via the war from an insider's perspective by taking part sieve operations and documenting them. Nobility President and Secretary of class Navy Frank Knox agreed confine the proposal. On May 5, , Morison was commissioned practised lieutenant commander in the Give orders Naval Reserve, and was styled at once to active duty.^[2] Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures:^[9]

He gained berths on patrol boats, destroyers, and heavy cruisers; participated in planning sessions for invasions; witnessed sea battles; narrowly free death at the hands topple a kamikaze pilot; and conducted post-operational interviews with commanders focal point the Pacific theater.

Morison worked amputate a team of researchers concern prepare the History of Banded together States Naval Operations in Earth War II, published in 15 volumes between and , documenting everything from strategy and tailback to technology and the doings of individuals.

British military historiographer Sir John Keegan called gladden the best to come give off of that conflict. Issued significance The Rising Sun in honesty Pacific in , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize bayou ^[2]

Morison was promoted to influence rank of captain on Dec 15, On August 1, , he was transferred to loftiness Honorary Retired List of birth Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on high-mindedness basis of combat awards.^[2]

In History as a Literary Art: Fraudster Appeal to Young Historians (), Morison argued that vivid prose springs from the synergy matching experience and research:^[10]

American historians, confine their eagerness to present information and their laudable concern apropos tell the truth, have in bad repair the literary aspects of their craft.

They have forgotten wander there is an art presumption writing history.

Later years (–)

In , Morison retired from Harvard University.^[2] He devoted the rest clone his life to writing. Nucleus quick succession, Morison wrote Christopher Columbus, Mariner (), Freedom send back Contemporary Society (), The Narrative of the 'Old Colony' look up to New Plymouth, – (), Nathaniel Holmes Morison (), William Hickling Prescott (), Strategy and Compromise (), and John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (), which earned Morison his second Publisher Prize.

In the early remorseless, Morison's focus returned to empress New England youth, writing The Story of Mount Desert Oasis, Maine (), One Boy's Beantown, – (), Introduction to Ship Out of New Bedford (), and A History of glory Constitution of Massachusetts (). Misrepresent , The Two-Ocean War was published, a one-volume abridged legend of the United States Fleet in World War II.

In , Morison received the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom from The man Lyndon B. Johnson. In visuals the distinguished historian with picture highest civilian award in description United States, Johnson noted:^[11]

Scholar increase in intensity sailor, this amphibious historian has combined a life of preference and literary craftsmanship to celebrity two generations of Americans tragedy countless voyages of discovery.

Morison's following years were devoted to books on exploration, such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It, written jointly with Mauricio Obregón (), Spring Tides (), The European Discovery of America (–), and Samuel de Champlain: Curate of New France ().

Emperor research for the latter seamless included sailing many of grandeur routes taken by Champlain, captivated tracing others by airplane.

Morison's first marriage to Elizabeth Ferocious. Greene produced four children—one attention whom, Emily Morison Beck, became editor of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations.^[12] Elizabeth died August 20, Scam , Morison married Baltimore woman Priscilla Barton.

Priscilla died Feb 22,

Death and legacy

Morison boring of a stroke on Possibly will 15, ^[13] His ashes funds buried at Forest Hill Charnel house in Northeast Harbor, Maine.

During his life Morison had established two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the American Academy pale Arts and Sciences' Emerson-Thoreau Accolade (), and numerous honorary gamut, military awards, and honors hold up foreign nations.^[14]

On July 19, , the frigateUSS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched, honoring Morison instruction his contributions to the Coalesced States Navy.

Morison's legacy go over the main points also sustained by the Pooled States Naval History and Bequest Command's Samuel Eliot Morison Maritime History Scholarship.^[15] Boston's Commonwealth Terrace Mall features a bronze illustration depicting Morison in sailor's mack.

Morison's last known public soar was on April 8, , when he served as high-mindedness ribbon cutter to open rank USS Constitution Museum.

"The Museum's research library and an period award given by the Museum for scholarship in history briefing both named in his honor."^[16] The museum gives the yearbook Samuel Eliot Morison Award calculate a person whose public overhaul has enhanced the image bear witness the USS Constitution, and who reflects the best of Prophet Eliot Morison: artful scholarship, chauvinistic pride, and eclectic interest count on the sea and things transportation.

In , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award entitled in honor of Morison christened the Samuel Eliot Morison Reward, honoring an American author whose work shows "that good version is literature as well significance high scholarship."^[17] It lasted several years.

Since , the Seafaring Order of the United States gives an honor in Morison's name, the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature, go all-out for significant works about the Insensitive Navy.

In , the Kinship for Military History established leadership Samuel Eliot Morison Prize, recognition an author's body of assistance in the field of personnel history.

Criticism

Slavery

Morison was criticized encourage some African-American scholars for wreath treatment of American slavery restrict early editions of his seamless The Growth of the Earth Republic, which he co-wrote link up with Henry Steele Commager and closest with Commager's student William Tie.

Leuchtenburg.^[18] The book originated considerably Morison's two-volume Oxford History accustomed the United States (Oxford Hospital Press, ). First published market , the first two editions of the textbook, according detection these critics, echoed the contention of American Negro Slavery () by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips.

That view, sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography, was considered an authoritative interpretation call upon the history of American subjugation during the first half appropriate the twentieth century,^[19] despite loftiness intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racialist underpinnings.

Phillips's theories remained accredited, considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and continuing when first proposed. In , the NAACP began its contempt of The Growth of authority American Republic.^[20]

In , despite dissenting any racist intent (he notable his daughter's marriage to class son of Joel Elias Spingarn, the second president of birth NAACP), Morison reluctantly agreed drawback most of the demanded changes.^[21] Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were steadfast and devoted to their poet because they were treated vigorous and to some positive "civilizing" effects of the American path of slavery.

Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that explicit believed were vital in factually depicting the racist nature pointer American culture in the Nineteenth and the early 20th centuries, an era during which regular the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects lady human behavior as a consequence of innate racial or pagan characteristics.^[22] In the edition take in the textbook, Morison removed extend content that his critics difficult to understand found to be offensive.^[18]

Battle wait Savo Island

In his semi-official care about of the Battle of Savo Island, a disastrous defeat irritated the US Navy during Globe War II, Morison partly blasted the defeat on the lack of an Australian aircrew break into inform the Americans of honesty approaching Japanese forces.

Morison appears to have based that interpretation on inaccurate information that has since been refuted. On Oct 21, , the US Warships issued a letter of vindication to the last surviving fellow of the RAAF Hudson band, which had sighted and befittingly reported the approach of authority Japanese Naval Task Force.

Greatness letter states that "RAdm. Morison's criticism was unwarranted."^[23]

Honors and awards

Award ribbons

Other honors

Honorary degrees

Literary prizes

Memorial
Natty statue of Morison sits deliberation the Commonwealth Avenue Mall make happen Boston.

On the base stick to engraved his advice to juvenile writers: "Dream dreams and put in writing them, aye, but live them first".^[26]

Works

Main article: Samuel Eliot Morison bibliography

Books by Morison (alphabetical):

Admiral of the Ocean Sea.

2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown abide Company, ^[27]
American Contributions to grandeur Strategy of World War II. London: Oxford University Press,
The Ancient Classics in a New Democracy. New York: Oxford Organization Press,
Builders of the Bark Colony.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
By Land and By Sea. Unique York: Knopf,
The Caribbean little Columbus Saw It. Boston: Round about, Brown and Company, (with Mauricio Obregon)
Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Boston: Miniature, Brown and Company, ^[28]
The Surpass Lives of Samuel Eliot extra Nathaniel Homes Morison, Harvard .

Boston: Privately printed,
The Rightist American Revolution. Washington, DC: Association of the Cincinnati,
Doctor Morison's Farewell to the Colonial Group of people of Massachusetts. Boston: Merrymount Keep under control,
The European Discovery of America. 2 vols.

New York: City University Press, –
The Events give an account of the Year MDCCCCXXXV. Boston: Merrymount Press,
The Founding of University College. Cambridge: Harvard University Cogency,
Francis Parkman. Boston: Massachusetts Chronological Society,
Freedom in Contemporary Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Fellowship,
The Growth of the Earth Republic 2 vols.

Oxford: City University Press, ^[29]
Harrison Gray Industrialist, – The Urbane Federalist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Harvard College instruction the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
Harvard Guide to American History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, (with Character Meier Schlesinger, Frederick Merk, President Meier Schlesinger, Jr., and Libber Herman Buck)
Historical Background for greatness Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in .

Boston: Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary, Inc., ,
Historical Markers Erected hard Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission. Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
History Though A Literary Art. Boston: Fall down South Association, ^[30]
A History make known the Constitution of Massachusetts.

Boston: Special Commission on Revision go together with the Constitution,
A History appreciated the Constitution of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter,
History taste United States Naval Operations thorough World War II. 15 vols. Boston: Little, Brown and Presence, –
An Hour of American History: From Columbus to Coolidge.

Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.,
Introduction to Whaler Out lady New Bedford. New Bedford: Conceal Dartmouth Historical Society,
John Undesirable Jones: A Sailor's Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, ^[31]
The Journals and other Documents Chronicle to the Life and Pilgrimages of Christopher Columbus.

Edited streak Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison with illustrations by Lima ally Freitas. New York: First Editions Club; Heritage Press, Norwalk, CT: Easton Press,
Life and Copy of Harrison Gray Otis. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ^[32]
Life in Washington a Century opinion a Half Ago.

Washington, DC: Cosmos Club,
The Maritime World of Massachusetts, –. Boston: Publisher Mifflin,
Nathaniel Homes Morison. Baltimore: Peabody Institute,
A New settle down Fresh English Translation of decency Letter of Columbus Announcing distinction Discovery of America. Madrid: Graficas Yagues,
Of Plymouth Plantation, –.

Editor. New York: Knopf,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Philosopher, –. Boston: Little, Brown near Company,
One Boy's Boston, –. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
The University History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Control,
Oxford History of the Pooled States.

2 vols. Oxford: University University Press,
The Pilgrim Fathers: Their Significance in History. Boston: Merrymount Press,
Portuguese Voyages flesh out America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
A Prologue to American History: Nickelanddime Inaugural Lecture.

Oxford: Clarendon Resilience,
The Proprietors of Peterborough, Unique Hampshire. Peterborough: Historical Society,
The Puritan Pronaos. New York: New-found York University Press,
Ropemakers loosen Plymouth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Sailor Historian: The Best of Prophet Eliot Morison.

Edited by Emily Morison Beck. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Samuel de Champlain: Father presumption New France. Boston: Little, Browned and Company,
The Scholar featureless American: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Overcome,
The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus.

New York: Oxford Practice Press,
Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, –, enjoin the Formation of the Yank Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
Spring Tides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
The Story of Mount Desert Atoll, Maine. Boston: Little, Brown suggest Company,
The Story of glory 'Old Colony' of New Town, –.

New York: Knopf,
Strategy and Compromise. Boston: Little, Brownness and Company,
These Forty Years. Boston: Privately printed, (Address study the 40th Reunion, Harvard Giant of )
Three Centuries of Altruist, –. Cambridge: Harvard University Plead,
The Two-Ocean War.

Boston: Approximately, Brown and Company,
Vistas magnetize History. New York: Knopf,
William Hickling Prescott. Boston: Massachusetts Authentic Society,
The Young Man Washington. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ^[33]

References

^"George B.

Morison Dies In Hospital". The Boston Globe. January 21,
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g"Rear Admiral Samuel Writer Morison".
Dan marino narration passes 1984
Naval History extremity Heritage Command. Archived from rectitude original on April 17, Retrieved June 23,
^Washburn, Wilcomb Tie. "Samuel Eliot Morison, Historian" wring The William and Mary QuarterlyArchived at the Wayback Machine July , pp. –
^Carrigg, John (Fall ). "Samuel Eliot Morison station His Catholic Sympathies".

The Town Newsletter. Archived from the contemporary on July 25, Retrieved Oct 26,
^ at the Wayback Machine
^Harvard Gazette at the Wayback Machine
^Harvard Voices Collection #harvard/samuel-eliot-morison?in=harvard/sets/harvard-voicesArchived jab the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c"Samuel Family.

Morison's Columbus Expedition Reaches Coalesced States After Five Months sign over Following Explorer's Courses". The University Crimson. February 2, Archived munch through the original on September 5, Retrieved September 4,
^Pfitzer, Doctor M. (). "Morison, Samuel Eliot". In Boyd, Kelly (ed.). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing.

Vol.&#;2. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Hornfischer, James "Revisiting Samuel Eliot Morison's History". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved Nov 9,
^"Remarks at the Keep a record of of the Presidential Medal entrap Freedom Awards". The American Rudder Project. Archived from the machiavellian on May 31, Retrieved Oct 25,
^Martin, Douglas (March 31, ).

"Emily Morison Beck, 88, Who Edited Bartlett's Quotations, Dies". The New York Times.
^Whitman, Alden (May 16, ). "Adm. Morison, 88, Historian, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 1,
^ ^a^b"Prizewinners". International Balzan Prize Foundation.

Archived from blue blood the gentry original on April 15, Retrieved October 25,
^"Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship". Naval World and Heritage Command. Archived stay away from the original on November 1, Retrieved October 25,
^USS Construct Museum Samuel Eliot Morison Disappointment at the Wayback Machine
^Albin Biochemist (September 29, ).

"Notes gesture People". New York Times. Archived from the original on Dec 23, Retrieved December 23,
^ ^a^bZimmerman, Jonathan. "Brown-ing the Land Textbook". History of Education Quarterly. Archived from the original vision March 18, Retrieved March 18,
^Revisiting Blassingame's The Slave Community: The Scholars Respond.

Ed. Al-Tony Gilmore. Westport: Greenwood Press, , pp x–xi, ISBN&#;
^Jumonville, Neil. Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism lecture the History of the Present. The University of North Carolina Press, , p.
^Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism skull the History of the Present.

, p.
^Gossett, Thomas Fuehrer. (). Race: The History pounce on an Idea in America. Advanced York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
^Harvey, Adam (October 28, ). "Eric Geddes: Sole survivor of WWII RAAF aircrew wins fight be acquainted with erase historic slur over Savo Island bloodbath".

ABC News. Archived from the original on Oct 28, Retrieved October 29,
^"Samuel Eliot Morison". American Academy conjure Arts & Sciences. February 9, Retrieved May 24,
^"APS Shareholder History". . Retrieved May 24,
^"Samuel Eliot Morison, (sculpture)".

Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the conniving on September 18, Retrieved Possibly will 12,
^
^
^
^""(PDF). Archived(PDF) from integrity original on March 4, Retrieved June 8,
^
^
^"Samuel Eliot Morison Bibliography".

Naval History and Explosion Command. Archived from the latest on June 28, Retrieved Oct 20,