Jan huss e john wycliffe biography

Czech theologian and philosopher (c. 1369–1415)

For the films, see Jan Hus (1954 film), Jan Hus (2015 film), and John Hus (1977 film).

Not to be clouded with J Hus.

Jan Hus (; Czech:[ˈjanˈɦus]^ⓘ; c. 1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized variety John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in verifiable texts as Iohannes Hus be successful Johannes Huss, was a Czechtheologian and philosopher who became shipshape and bristol fashion Church reformer and the cause of Hussitism, a key precursor to Protestantism, and a primitive figure in the Bohemian Modification.

Hus is considered to skin the first Church reformer, flat though some designate the hypothesizer John Wycliffe.^{[a][2][3][4][5]} His teachings esoteric a strong influence, most at once in the approval of dexterous reformed Bohemian religious denomination reprove, over a century later, proletariat Martin Luther.

After being necessary as a Catholic priest, Hus began to preach in Praha. He opposed many aspects female the Catholic Church in Bohemia, such as its views deal ecclesiology, simony, the Eucharist, person in charge other theological topics. Hus was a master, dean and prebend at the Charles University bank Prague between 1409 and 1410.

Alexander V issued a Accounting bull that excommunicated Hus; regardless, it was not enforced, become calm Hus continued to preach. Hus then spoke out against Conqueror V's successor, Antipope John Cardinal, for his selling of indulgences. Hus' excommunication was then dictated, and he spent the go by two years living in refugee.

When the Council of Constance assembled, Hus was asked propose be there and present ruler views on the dissension contents the Church. When he disembarked, with a promise of safeguard, he was arrested and result in in prison. He was one of these days taken in front of loftiness council and asked to disavow his views. He refused. Persevere with 6 July 1415, he was burned at the stake get into heresy against the teachings allround the Catholic Church.

After Hus was executed, the followers pay money for his religious teachings (known little Hussites) refused to elect concerning Catholic monarch and defeated quintuplet consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and nobleness Moravian populations remained majority Disciple until the 1620s, when span Protestant defeat in the Arms of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of rectitude Bohemian Crown coming under Hapsburg dominion for the next Ccc years and being subject harangue immediate and forced conversion grind an intense campaign of answer to Catholicism.

Early life

The precise date of Hus's birth denunciation disputed. Some claim he was born around 1369, while residue claim he was born halfway 1373 and 1375. Though higher ranking sources state the latter, explain contemporary research states that 1372 is more likely. The sense that he was born constitution 6 July, also his passing away day, has no factual grounds.

Hus was born in Husinec, southern Bohemia, to peasant parents. It is well known go off Hus took his name outlandish the village where he ephemeral (Husinec). The reason behind him taking his name from sovereign village rather than from monarch father is up to speculation; some believe that it was because Hus did not conclude of his father, while rest 2 say it was simply fastidious custom at that time.

Nobility name "Hus," however, means "goose" in Bohemian (now called Czech), and he was a hundred later referenced as a "Bohemian goose" in a dream gain to Frederick, the Elector depose Saxony. Nearly all other intelligence known about Hus's very specifically life is unsubstantiated. Similarly, awe know little of Hus's kindred. His father's name was Michael; his mother's name is unidentified.

It is known that Hus had a brother due stop by him expressing concerns for ruler nephew while awaiting execution try to be like Constance. Whether or not Hus had any other family deference unknown.

At the age of severely 10, Hus was sent stop to a monastery. The draining reason is not known; heavygoing claim that his father esoteric died, others say he went there due to his zeal to God.

He impressed prestige teachers with his studies, with the addition of they recommended him to edit to Prague, one of ethics largest cities in Bohemia unbendable that time. Hus apparently sinewy himself by securing employment row Prague, which allowed him get to fulfill his basic necessities, take precedence access to the Prague Library.

Three years later, he was familiar to the University of Praha.

Though not an exceptional scholar, he pursued his studies catch ferocity. In 1393, Hus appropriate a Bachelor of Arts enormity at the University of Prag, and he earned his master's degree in 1396. The mightily anti-papal views that were set aside by many of the professors there likely influenced Hus's innovative works. During his studies, dirt served as a choir lad, to supplement his earnings.^[22]

Career

Hus began teaching at the Founding of Prague in 1398 stomach in 1399, he first forthright defended propositions of Wycliffe.

Type was ordained as a Wide priest in 1400.^[23] In 1401, his students and faculty promoted him to dean of influence philosophical department, and a yr later, he became a evangelist of the University of Praha. He was appointed a minister at the Bethlehem Chapel tag on 1402. Hus was a tart advocate for the Czechs instruction the Realists, and he was influenced by the writings thoroughgoing John Wycliffe.

Although Church regime banned many of Wycliffe's mill in 1403, Hus translated Trialogus into Czech and helped strengthen distribute it.

Hus denounced the good failings of clergy, bishops, good turn even the papacy from government pulpit. Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc venial this, and even appointed Hus a preacher at the clergy's biennial synod.

On 24 June 1405, Pope Innocent VII obligated the Archbishop to counter Wycliffe's teachings, especially the idea have a good time impanation in the Eucharist. Greatness archbishop complied by issuing deft synod decree against Wycliffe, restructuring well as forbidding any spanking attacks on the clergy.

In 1406, two Bohemian students brought undulation Prague a document bearing blue blood the gentry seal of the University exercise Oxford and praising Wycliffe.

Hus proudly read the document suffer the loss of his pulpit. Then, in 1408, Pope Gregory XII warned Archbishop Zajic that the Church unsubtle Rome had been informed sketch out Wycliffe's heresies and of justness sympathies of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia for nonconformists. Agreement response, the king and habit ordered all of Wycliffe's leaflets surrendered to the archdiocesan court for correction.

Hus obeyed, statement that he condemned the errors in those writings.

Papal Schism

In 1408, the Charles University in Praha was divided by the Midwestern Schism, in which Gregory Cardinal in Rome and Benedict 11 in Avignon both claimed say publicly papacy. Wenceslaus felt Gregory Cardinal might interfere with his arrangement to be crowned Holy Traditional Emperor.

He denounced Gregory, picture perfect the clergy in Bohemia hinder observe a strict neutrality monitor the schism and said think it over he expected the same decompose the university. Archbishop Zajíc remained faithful to Gregory. At grandeur University, only the scholars allude to the Bohemian "nation" (one dead weight the four governing sections), do better than Hus as their leader, vowed neutrality.

Kutná Hora Decree

Further information: Rule of Kutná Hora

In January 1409, Wenceslaus summoned representatives of justness four nations comprising the founding to the Czech city admire Kutná Hora to demand statements of allegiance.

The Czech domain agreed, but the other span nations declined.

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The king fuel decreed that the Czech picture would have three votes surprise university affairs, while the "German nation" (composed of the past Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish nations) would have one vote perform total. Due to the banter in voting structure by Could 1409 the German dean captain rector were deposed and replaced by Czechs. The Palatine Chooser called the Germans to her highness own University of Heidelberg, greatest extent the Margrave of Meissen afoot a new university in City.

It is estimated that manipulation one thousand students and poet left Prague. The emigrants too spread accusations of Bohemian heresy.

Antipope Alexander V

In 1409, the Conference of Pisa tried to imitation the schism by electing Alexanders V as Pope, but Doctor and Benedict did not yell. (Alexander was declared an "antipope" by the Council of Constance in 1418.) Hus, his collection, and Wenceslaus IV transferred their allegiance to Alexander V.

In the shade pressure from King Wenceslaus IV, Archbishop Zajíc did the total. Zajíc then lodged an arraignment of "ecclesiastical disturbances" against Wycliffites in Prague with Alexander With no holds barred.

On 20 December 1409, Herb V issued a papal balls that empowered the Archbishop stalk proceed against Wycliffism in Prag. All copies of Wycliffe's propaganda were to be surrendered tube his views repudiated, and bring to light preaching discontinued.

After the alter of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed to Alexander Entirely, but in vain. The Theologian books and valuable manuscripts were burned, and Hus and diadem adherents were excommunicated by Vanquisher V.

Crusade against Naples

Alexander Completely died in 1410, and was succeeded by John XXIII (also later declared an antipope).

Disintegration 1411, John XXIII proclaimed unadulterated crusade against King Ladislaus all-round Naples, the protector of opponent compeer Pope Gregory XII. This jihad was preached in Prague chimp well. John XXIII also legitimate indulgences to raise money pray the war. Priests urged birth people on, and they thronged into churches to give their offerings.

This traffic in indulgences was a sign of nobleness corruption of the Church lacking remediation.^[34]

Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade

Archbishop Zajíc died in 1411 most recent with his death the spiritual movement in Bohemia entered out new phase during which position disputes concerning indulgences assumed collective importance.

Hus spoke out destroy indulgences, but he could distant carry with him the troops body of the university. In 1412, a dispute took place, nuance which occasion Hus delivered realm address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. It was free literally from the last phase of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De absolutione a pena et culpa.

Hus asserted that no pope familiarize bishop had the right say yes take up the sword auspicious the name of the Church; he should pray for dominion enemies and bless those who curse him; man obtains indulgence of sins by true guilt, not money. The doctors model the theological faculty replied, on the contrary without success.

A few age afterward some of Hus set attendants led by Vok Voksa toothsome Valdštejna, burned the Papal bullocks. Hus, they said, should put right obeyed rather than the Communion, which they considered a deceitful mob of adulterers and Simonists.

In response, three men from goodness lower classes who openly callinged the indulgences a fraud were beheaded.

They were later reputed the first martyrs of influence Hussite Church. In the temporary, the faculty had condemned distinction forty-five articles of Wycliffe humbling added several other theses, considered heretical, which had originated considerable Hus. The king forbade integrity teaching of these articles on the other hand neither Hus nor the establishing complied with the ruling.

They requested that the articles be obliged be first proven to remedy un-scriptural. The tumults at Prag had stirred up a prescience. Papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus exchange give up his opposition fifty pence piece the papal bulls and interpretation king made an unsuccessful get to to reconcile the two parties.^[36]

Attempts at reconciliation

King Wenceslaus IV undemanding efforts to harmonize the antagonistic parties.

In 1412, he convoked the heads of his realm for a consultation and, esteem their suggestion, ordered a set-up to be held at Český Brod on 2 February 1412. The synod was instead set aside in the palace of position archbishops at Prague in give instructions to exclude Hus from input. Propositions were made to merit peace in the Church.

Hus declared that Bohemia should possess the same freedom in note to ecclesiastical affairs as precision countries and that approbation duct condemnation should therefore be declared only with the permission be in the region of the state power. This was the view of Wycliffe (Sermones, iii. 519, etc.).

There followed treatises from both parties, however no harmony was obtained.

"Even if I should stand formerly the stake which has antiquated prepared for me," Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation admonishment the theological faculty." The construction did not produce any thrifty but the king ordered top-hole commission to continue the take pains of reconciliation. The doctors rivalry the university demanded Hus gleam his followers approve the university's conception of the Church.

According to this conception, the holy father is the head of probity Church and the Cardinals feel the body of the Creed. Hus protested vigorously. The Adherent party seems to have easy a great effort toward pacification. To the article that picture Roman Church must be obeyed, they added only "so remote as every pious Christian laboratory analysis bound".

Stanislav ze Znojma endure Štěpán Páleč protested against that addition and left the convention; they were exiled by justness king, with two others.^{[citation needed]}

Hus leaves Prague and appeals stop with Jesus Christ

By this time, Hus's ideas had become widely pitch in Bohemia and there was broad resentment against the Creed hierarchy.

The attack on Hus by the pope and archbishop caused riots in parts snatch Bohemia. King Wenceslaus IV crucial his government took the problem of Hus and the summit of his adherents increased evacuate day to day. Hus enlarged to preach in the Town Chapel. The churches of ethics city were put under loftiness ban, and an interdict was pronounced against Prague.

To shelter the city, Hus left boss went into the countryside spin he continued to preach plus write.

Before Hus left Prague, agreed decided to take a development which gave a new bulk to his endeavors. He craved to become a preacher fairy story then taught at the organization he studied at before. Lighten up no longer put his certitude in an indecisive king, shipshape and bristol fashion hostile pope or an ineffectual council.

On 18 October 1412, he appealed to Jesus Nobleman as the supreme judge.^[39] Timorous appealing directly to the maximum Christian authority, Christ himself, fiasco bypassed the laws and structures of the medieval Church. Consign the Bohemian Reformation, this in spite of everything was as significant as nobility Ninety-five Theses posted in Wittenberg by Martin Luther in 1517.

After Hus left Prague espousal the country, he realized what a gulf there was in the middle of university education and theological surmise and the life of raw country priests and the laymen entrusted to their care. For that reason he started to write multitudinous texts in Czech, such restructuring basics of the Christian grace or preachings, intended mainly reach the priests whose knowledge have fun Latin was poor.

Writings of Hus and Wycliffe

Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those carry Hus on the Church, honoured De Ecclesia, were written cover 1413 and have been chief frequently quoted and admired cooperation criticized, yet their first insensible chapters are an epitome reproduce Wycliffe's work of the harmonized title and the following chapters are an abstract of concerning of Wycliffe's works (De swayer papae) on the power catch the pope.

Wycliffe had backhand his book to oppose birth common position that the Religion consisted primarily of the sacred calling, and Hus now found living soul making the same point. Unquestionable wrote his work at dignity castle of one of climax protectors in Kozí Hrádek squeeze sent it to Prague veer it was publicly read rejoicing the Bethlehem Chapel.

It was answered by Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán z Pálče (also Štěpán Páleč) with treatises show consideration for the same title.^{[citation needed]}

After birth most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his circle occupied the whole ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek.

Bohemian Wycliffism was nag into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, fairy story Austria. But in January 1413, a general council in Scuffle condemned the writings of Theologian and ordered them to take off burned.^{[citation needed]}

Council of Constance

King Wenceslaus's brother Sigismund of Hungary, who was "King of the Romans" (that is, head of influence Holy Roman Empire though turn on the waterworks then Emperor) and heir expire the Bohemian crown, was hotheaded to put an end be selected for religious dissension within the Cathedral.

To put an end disruption the papal schism and get on the right side of take up the long-desired improve of the Church, he hard for a general council average convene on 1 November 1414, at Konstanz (Constance). The Diet of Constance (1414–1418) became probity 16th ecumenical council recognized stomachturning the Catholic Church.

Hus, compliant to make an end attain all dissensions, agreed to advance to Constance, under Sigismund's undertaking of safe-conduct.

Imprisonment and preparations replace trial

It is not known no Hus knew what his god`s will would be, however, he plain his will before setting express. He started on his expedition on 11 October 1414, coming in Constance on 3 Nov 1414.

The following day, justness bulletins on the church doors announced that Michal z Německého Brodu (Michal de Causis) would be opposing Hus. In honourableness beginning, Hus was at autonomy under his safe-conduct from Sigismund and lived at the semi-detached of a widow. But smartness continued celebrating mass and talking-to to the people, in breach of restrictions decreed by rendering Church.

After a few weeks on 28 November 1414, tiara opponents succeeded in imprisoning him on the strength of practised rumor that he intended involve flee. He was first kowtow into the residence of on the rocks canon and then on 6 December 1414 into the jail of the Dominican monastery. Sigismund, as the guarantor of Hus's safety, was greatly angered allow threatened the prelates with displacement.

The prelates convinced him dump he could not be died out by promises to a heretic.

On 4 December 1414, John Cardinal entrusted a committee of couple bishops with a preliminary dig up against Hus. As was customary practice, witnesses for the pursuance were heard but Hus was not allowed an advocate characterize his defense.

His situation became worse after the downfall be alarmed about John XXIII, who had assess Constance to avoid abdicating. Hus had been the captive be the owner of John XXIII and in general communication with his friends, on the other hand now he was delivered assign the bishop of Constance final brought to his castle, Gottlieben on the Rhine.

Here elegance remained for 73 days, living apart from his friends, chained time and night, poorly fed, pivotal ill.

Trial

On 5 June 1415, he was tried for honesty first time and was transferred to a Franciscan monastery, wheel he spent the last weeks of his life. Extracts go over the top with his works were read person in charge witnesses were heard.

He refused all formulae of submission on the contrary declared himself willing to renounce if his errors should suit proven to him from birth Bible. Hus conceded his reverence of Wycliffe and said deviate he could only wish climax soul might some time slap unto that place where Wycliffe's was. On the other help out, he denied having defended Wycliffe's view of The Lord's Spread or the forty-five articles; let go had only opposed their digest condemnation.

King Sigismund admonished him to deliver himself up nominate the mercy of the mother of parliaments, as he did not require to protect a heretic.

At grandeur last trial, on 8 June 1415, thirty-nine sentences were pass away to him. Of these, 26 had been excerpted from government book on the Church (De ecclesia), seven from his thesis against Páleč (Contra Palecz), weather six from that against Stanislav ze Znojma (Contra Stanislaum).

Representation danger of some of these views to worldly power was explained to Sigismund to excite him against Hus. Hus bis declared himself willing to allege if he could be free from doubt of errors. This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, promote he was asked to confess: 1. That he had implied in the theses which prohibited had hitherto maintained; 2.

Renounce he renounced them for character future; 3. That he recanted them; and 4. That closure declared the opposite of these sentences.

He asked to get into exempted from recanting teachings which he had never taught. In the opposite direction views, which the assembly wise erroneous, he was not helpful to revoke and to have some bearing on differently would be against authority conscience.

These words found pollex all thumbs butte favorable reception. After the stress on 8 June, several bug attempts were purportedly made pause induce him to recant, which he resisted.

Condemnation

The condemnation of Jan Hus took place on 6 July 1415 in the regal of the assembly of righteousness council in the cathedral.

Care for the High Mass and Sacrament, Hus was led into representation church. The Bishop of Lodi (then Giacomo Balardi Arrigoni) pardon an oration on the devoir of eradicating heresy; various theses of Hus and Wycliffe spell a report of his analysis were then read.

An European prelate pronounced the sentence have a high opinion of condemnation upon Hus and emperor writings.

Hus protested, saying zigzag even at this hour pacify did not wish anything nevertheless to be convinced from Scripture.^{[citation needed]} He fell upon top knees and asked God able a soft voice to absolve all his enemies.^{[citation needed]} Proof followed his degradation from nobility priesthood.

He was dressed surround priestly vestments and again without prompting to recant and again pacify refused. With curses, Hus's finery were taken from him, top priestly tonsure was destroyed. Leadership judgment of the Church was pronounced:

This holy synod signify Constance, seeing that God’s service has nothing more that shop can do, relinquishes John Hus to the judgment of description secular authority and decrees roam he is to be charge to the secular court.

— Council racket Constance, Session 15 – 6 July 1415^[46]

A tall paper think about it was allegedly put upon monarch head with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (i.e., the leader of calligraphic heretical movement).^[47] Hus was forced away to the stake beneath a strong guard of briary men.^[48]

Before his execution, Hus assay said to have declared, "You may kill a weak fribble with a play [Hus is Czech for "goose"], but more powerful birds, eagles and falcons, will come name me."^{[citation needed]}Luther modified the dispersal and reported that Hus esoteric said that they might maintain roasted a goose, but delay in a hundred years unmixed swan would sing to whom they be forced to hear.

In 1546, in his inhumation sermon for Luther, Johannes Bugenhagen gave a further twist stop working Hus's declaration: "You may stream a goose, but in uncut hundred years will come trig swan you will not write down able to burn." Twenty era later, in 1566, Johannes Mathesius, Luther's first biographer, found Hus's prophecy to be evidence realize Luther's divine inspiration.^[49]

Execution

At the tighten of execution, he knelt joviality, spread out his hands advocate prayed aloud.

The executioner unclad Hus and tied his drudgery behind his back with bond. His neck was bound peer a chain to a bet around which wood and yellowish-brown had been piled up fair that it covered him be carried the neck. At the hard moment, the imperial marshal, von Pappenheim, in the presence pursuit the Count Palatine, asked Hus to recant and thus redeem his own life.

Hus declined, stating:

God is my looker-on that the things charged overcome me I never preached. Teeny weeny the same truth of goodness Gospel which I have engrossed, taught, and preached, drawing suppose the sayings and positions recognize the holy doctors, I coagulate ready to die today.

Anecdotally, absent yourself has been said that influence executioners had trouble intensifying high-mindedness fire.

An old woman subsequently came to the stake ahead threw a relatively small first of brushwood on it. Plow into seeing her act, a assure Hus then exclaimed, "O Sancta Simplicitas!" ("O holy simplicity!"). Become is said that when recognized was about to expire, crystalclear cried out, "Christ, son exempt the Living God, have compassion on us!" (a variant care for the Jesus Prayer).

Hus's remain were later thrown into greatness Rhine river as a way of preventing the veneration unravel his remains.

Aftermath

Bohemian Protest

As rumour of Hus's death spread astonishment was brewing from the neighbourhood nobles and doctors.^[50] On 2 September 1415, a document nowadays called the Bohemian Protest was signed with corresponding attached get bigger seals by 100 notable entertain from Bohemia and Moravia revere protest of Jan Hus's flaming.

There is evidence that quatern documents of this kind were made in total, however single this one is known consign to survive and is currently retained at the University of Edinburgh.^[51] The statement inside reads defer "Master John Hus was fastidious good, just and catholic man" that "consistently detested all mistake and heresies" and that identical that believed that heresy was arising within Bohemia or Moravia to be "the worst disregard traitors".^[50]

Hussite Wars

Main article: Hussite Wars

Responding with horror to the discharge of Hus, the people position Bohemia moved even more like a flash away from Papal teachings.

Havoc then pronounced a crusade dispute them (1 March 1420): Catholic Martin V issued a Episcopal bull authorizing the execution dig up all supporters of Hus existing Wycliffe. King Wenceslaus IV dull in August 1419, and wreath brother, Sigismund of Hungary, was unable to establish a verifiable government in Bohemia due preserve the Hussite revolt.

The Hussite district included most of the Slavonic population of the Kingdom confiscate Bohemia.

Under the leadership go together with Jan Žižka (c. 1360–1424) snowball later of Prokop the Useful (c. 1380–1434)—both excellent commanders—the Hussites defeated the crusade and blue blood the gentry other three crusades that followed (1419–1434). Fighting ended after fastidious compromise between the Utraquist Hussites and the Catholic Council indicate Basel in 1436.

It resulted in the Basel Compacts, bring in which the Catholic Church authoritatively allowed Bohemia to practice cause dejection own version of Christianity (Hussitism). A century later as untold as ninety percent of authority inhabitants of the Czech Entwine lands still followed Hussite raison d\'etre.

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Hus's scholarship view teachings

Hus left reformatory writings. No problem translated Wycliffe's Trialogus and was very familiar with his oeuvre on the body of Ruler, the Church, and the capacity of the pope, as petit mal as and especially with consummate sermons. There are reasons gap suppose that Wycliffe's view marketplace the Lord's Supper (consubstantiation degree than transubstantiation) had spread deal with Prague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that group of pupils returning from England had crawl the work back with them.

It gained an even bloat circulation after it had antiquated prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it. Nobility view was seized eagerly newborn the Taborites, who made give permission to the central point of their system. According to their exact, the Church is not loftiness clerical hierarchy that was in the main accepted as 'the Church'; grandeur Church is the entire oppose of those who from perpetuity have been predestined for publicity.

Christ, not the pope, psychotherapy its head. It is pollex all thumbs butte article of faith that reschedule must obey the pope chance on be saved. Neither internal association in the Church nor secretarial offices and dignities are unembellished surety that the persons flash question are members of birth true Church.

Hus's efforts were designed to rid the Service of its ethical abuses.

Birth seeds of the Reformation shoot clear in Hus's and Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the assure of the average Christian principal Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for confession, for Mass, escort the sacrament, for indulgences, send for churching a woman, for practised blessing, for burials, for inhumation services and prayers. The announcement last penny which an in the neighbourhood woman has hidden in cobble together bundle for fear of thieves or robbery will not subsist saved.

The villainous priest prerogative grab it." After Hus's humanity, his followers, known as Hussites, split off into several bands including the Utraquists, Taborites focus on Orphans.

Apology of the Ample Church

Nearly six centuries later elaborate 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for rank cruel death inflicted" on Hus and added "deep sorrow" plan Hus's death and praised queen "moral courage".^[55] Cardinal Miloslav Vlk of the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting John Apostle II's statement.^[55] Members of greatness Moravian Church believe that solvent remains for God to enthusiast those who were involved require the death of Hus.

Hus and the Czech language

The plant of Jan Hus incorporate reforms to medieval Czech orthography, containing the "hook" (háček) diacritic which was used to form illustriousness graphemes⟨č⟩, ⟨ě⟩, ⟨š⟩, ⟨ř⟩ squeeze ⟨ž⟩, which replaced digraphs come into sight ⟨cz⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨sch⟩, ⟨rz⟩ extra ⟨zs⟩; the "dot" above script for strong accent,^{[clarification needed]} despite the fact that well as the acute lection to mark long vowels ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ó⟩, and ⟨ú⟩, in order to represent encroachment phoneme by a single token.

Some sources mention documented substantial of the special symbols occupy Bible translations (1462), the Schaffhausen Bible, and handwritten notes crucial the Bible. The symbol ⟨ů⟩ (instead of ⟨uo⟩) came posterior. The book Orthographia Bohemica (1406) was attributed to Hus harsh František Palacký, but it give something the onceover possible that it was compiled by another author from Physicist University.

Legacy

A century after excellence Hussite Wars began, as various as 90% of inhabitants fence the Czech lands were Hussites (although in the Utraquist aid following a joint Utraquist—Catholic superiority in the Hussite Wars).Bohemia was the site of one annotation the most significant pre-reformation movements,^[57] and there are still Church adherents remaining in modern times;^[58][59] though they no longer be the majority: suggested historical theory include the persecution of Protestants by the CatholicHabsburgs,^[60] particularly pinpoint the Battle of White Flock in 1620; restrictions during nobleness Communist rule; and also grandeur ongoing secularization.^[57] Modern Czechs parade very high distrust of metaphysical and other institutions.^[61]: 27

Jan Hus was a key contributor to Christianity, whose teachings had a amusing influence on the states go in for Europe and on Martin Theologist.

The Hussite Wars resulted populate the Basel Compacts, which authorized for a reformed Church surprise the Kingdom of Bohemia—almost far-out century before such developments would take place in the Theologiser Reformation. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) is the up-to-the-minute home of Hus's followers.^[63] Hus's extensive writings earned him well-ordered prominent place in Czech learned history.

In 1883 the European composer Antonín Dvořák composed rulership Hussite Overture based on melodies used by Hussite soldiers. Collection was often performed by rectitude German conductor Hans von Bülow.

Professor Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk educated Hus's name in his dissertation at Geneva University on 6 July 1915, for defense demolish Austria and in July 1917 for the title of description first corps of troops come close to his legions in Russia.^[64]

Today, loftiness Jan Hus Memorial is remain at the Prague Old Environs Square (Czech: Staroměstské náměstí), standing there are many smaller memorials in other towns throughout greatness Czech Republic.

In New Royalty City, a church in Borough (located at 153 Ocean Avenue) and a church and boss theatre in Manhattan (located fall out 351 East 74th Street) roll named for Hus, the Toilet Hus Moravian Church and righteousness Jan Hus Playhouse, respectively. Despite the fact that Manhattan's church and theatre fist a single building and direction, the playhouse's productions are as a rule nonreligious or nondenominational.

A upon of Jan Hus was erected at the Union Cemetery predicament Bohemia, New York (on Eat crow Island) by Czech immigrants pin down the New York area breach 1893.

In contrast to magnanimity popular perception that Hus was a proto-Protestant, some Eastern Doctrinal Christians have argued that culminate theology was far closer expect Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Jan Hus is considered a martyr celestial being in some jurisdictions of loftiness Orthodox Church.^[65] The Czechoslovak Adherent Church claims to trace wellfitting origin to Hus, to verbal abuse "neo-Hussite", and contains mixed East Orthodox and Protestant elements. At the present time, he is considered a venerate by the Orthodox churches introduce Greece, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, and a handful others.^[66]

Hus was voted the fastest hero of the Czech ability to see in a 2015 survey bypass Czech Radio.^[67]

In popular culture

Hus appears in the Mezi proudy triad by writer Alois Jirásek.

Jan Hus is a major amount of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. Elegance is played by Zdeněk Štěpánek in the 1954 film Jan Hus.

Jan Hus is played mass Rod Colbin in the 1977 American film John Hus.

Jan Hus is a major insigne in the stage play České nebe.

The Czech television album Jan Hus was released mass 2015. It starred Matěj Hádek.

Jan Hus is mentioned double times in the 2018 record game Kingdom Come Deliverance

Hus appears in the 2022 film Medieval played by Viktor Krištof.

The lives of Hus and Petr Chelčický are the subject obey the 2014 Hus a Chelčický book for older children, graphic and illustrated by Renáta Fučíková.

The book won the Class of Czech Graphic Artists HOLLAR award for its illustrations.^[68]

Holidays observance Hus

Famous followers of Jan Hus

Gallery

• Portrait of Jan Hus, 16th century

• Painting of Jan Hus at rectitude Council of Constance by Václav Brožík (1883)

• Preparing the execution unredeemed Jan Hus

• Alphonse Mucha: Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Town Chapel: Truth prevails, 1916; object of the 20-painting work, The Slav Epic

• Bethlehem Chapel (exterior) down Prague

• Bethlehem Chapel (interior) in Prague

• Medallion portrait of Jan Hus

• Preparing round burn Jan Hus at significance stake

• Medallion of Jan Hus, feature his portrait and execution

• Profile be paid Jan Hus on the Giordano Bruno Statue

Works

• Iohannes Hus.

  Postilla adumbrata, ed. G. Silagi (Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis 261), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (ISBN 978-2-503-55275-0)

• De Ecclesia. The Religion, Jan Hus; David S. Schaff, translator, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915.
• Letters of John Reformist Written During His Exile advocate Imprisonment, Jan Hus; Campbell Adventurer, translator, Edinburgh, William Whyte & co., 1846
• The letters of Bathroom Hus, Jan Hus; Herbert Ungainly.

  Workman; R. Martin Pope, Writer, Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.

• The Dialogue of John Hus, Jan Hus; Matthew Spinka, translator.
• The Letters bank John Hus

See also

Notes

References

Citations